Media Representation Of Gender And Body Image

Media Representation Of Gender And Body Image It is evaluated that we are presented to more than 3,000 notices each day. This makes promotions an amazing instructive power in the public eye. It very well may be seen that ads sell something other than items. They sell esteems, pictures and ideas, love and sexuality, and notoriety and commonality. They eventually disclose to us what our identity is and what we ought to endeavor to be. Men, ladies, teenagers, young men, and young ladies all distinguish individuals by what they look like, to body size and shape, to garments, just as hairdos. In this way, the manner in which we see our body and picture can largy affect the manner in which we feel about ourselves. For the a great many people, particularly with teenagers, self-perception is emphatically impacted by broad communications and promoting. When investigating publicizing inside media portrayal and self-perception one can perceive how incredible of an outlet promoting can be in our present society (Advertising: Its all over th e place, 2010). Sponsors underline self-perception and the significance of physical engaging quality so as to sell items. They would like to convince society that something should be included or fixed, in light of the fact that what we have is either insufficient or sufficient to fulfill the high needs that society puts on fulfillment. Womens magazines are brimming with articles persuading ladies that on the off chance that they can simply lose those somewhat more weight, at that point they can have the ideal marriage, cherishing kids, incredible sex, and a remunerating profession. The standard of excellence that is forced on ladies is hard to accomplish and keep up and accordingly, the corrective and diet item enterprises make certain to benefit and develop off the high magnificence standard. It is nothing unexpected that young is progressively advanced, alongside slenderness, as a basic model of magnificence in todays society. Maturing is taken a gander at in the media as an issue that should be m anaged and at last halted all together (Gerber, 2010). Young people are the fundamental objective for most news sources since they are especially helpless and unpracticed buyers. They are as yet learning their qualities and jobs and building up their self-ideas. Most teenagers are delicate to peer weight and think that its hard to oppose (Kilbourne, 1999, p.129). This consistent introduction to negative self-perception notices may impact people to become hesitant about their bodies and to fixate on their physical appearance. The magnificence business is a very enormous industry that benefits off the negative confidence and self-perception of numerous ladies in todays society. Ladies who are uncertain about their bodies are bound to purchase magnificence items, new garments, and diet helps. It is evaluated that the eating routine industry alone is worth anyplace between 40 toâ 100 billion dollars a year selling impermanent weight reduction items (Cummings, 2005). Then again, look into shows that introduction to pictures of meager, youthful, digitally embellished female bodies is connected to discouragement, loss of confidence and the advancement of unfortunate dietary patterns in ladies and young ladies. The American research bunch Anorexia Nervosa Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of each four school matured ladies utilizes unfortunate strategies for weight control, for example, fasting, skipping dinners, unnecessary exercise, diuretic misuse, and self-prompted regurgitating (National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2010) . The Canadian Womens Health Network cautions that weight control measures are currently being taken by young ladies as youthful as 5 and 6 years of age (The Canadian Womens Health Network, 2005).â Another examination led by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 named Appearance Culture in Nine-to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, noticed that about portion of every preadolescent young lady wish to be more slender and thus, they have occupied with an eating regimen or know about the idea of consuming less calories (Clark, 2006).â â In 2003, Teen magazine announced that 35 percent of young ladies 6 to 12 years of age have been on at any rate one eating routine, and that fifty to seventy percent of typical weight young ladies accept they are overweight (Gibbons, 2003).Overall research demonstrates that 90% of ladies are disappointed with their appearance somehow or another (The Canadian Womens Health Network, 2005). Media dissident Jean Kilbourne presumes that, Women are offered to the eating regimen industry by the magazines we read and the TV programs we watch, practically all of which cause us to feel on edge about our weight (Kilbourne, 1999, p. 47). A large number of the media pictures of female excellence are unreachable a dominant part of ladies. The media keeps on setting unreasonable guidelines for what body size and appearance is viewed as typical. In the event that you glance through any magazine or turn on the TV, you would see collarbones, hipbones, cheekbones and rib confines as the general pattern in Hollywood. VIPs like Mary-Kate Olsen and Nicole Richie, both of whom have been accounted for to have dietary issues, can be found in fashioner garments with architect totes and exquisite men alongside them. This is the model of progress for some juvenile young ladies. A large portion of these young ladies gaze upward to and appreciate these famous people and are thusly educated at a youthful age that Barbie is the manner by which a lady should look; tall, blonde, enormous bosoms, and very dainty. Barbie in all actuality is dainty to such an extent that her weight and body extents are out of reach, yet in addition unfortuna te (Gerber, 2010).. Specialists have created a PC model with Barbie-doll extents and have viewed that her back would be as too frail to even consider supporting the heaviness of her chest area, and would be too tight to even consider containing the greater part a liver and a couple of centimeters of gut. Aâ real lady constructed that way would experience the ill effects of ceaseless loose bowels and in the long beyond words lack of healthy sustenance. Jill Barad leader of Mattel, the maker of Barbie, assessed that ninety nine percent of young ladies between the ages of 3 to 10 years of age own in any event one Barbie doll (Greenwald, 1996). All things considered, the quantity of genuine ladies and young ladies who look for a likewise underweight body is scourge, and they can endure similarly crushing wellbeing results (Gerber, 2010). Scientists report that womens magazines have a larger number of advertisements and articles advancing weight reduction than mens magazines do, and more than seventy five percent of the fronts of womens magazines incorporate in any event one message about how to change a womans real appearance through either diet, exercise or corrective medical procedure (Gerber, 2010). TV and films strengthen the significance of a flimsy body as a proportion of a womans worth. Canadian analyst, Gregory Fouts reports that more than seventy five percent of the female characters in TV circumstance comedies are underweight, and just one of every twenty are better than expected in size. Heavier entertainers will in general get negative remarks from male characters about their bodies and 80% of these negative remarks are trailed by canned crowd giggling (Gerber, 2010). Boards are perhaps the biggest type of commercial. Promoters will in general make these ads particularly significant so they dont go unnoticed. In some cases, they ignore and take it excessively far. A case of this was an announcement promoting one of NBCs mainstream TV programs, Friends. The bulletin glamorized anorexia by envisioning the three female superstars and next to them the expression Cute anorexic chicks. The inscription was initially intended to be taken a gander at as a joke with respect to the allegations towards the three ladies of having dietary issues and unfortunate exercise propensities, which every one of them denied. In spite of the fact that the board was expelled promptly, it delineated a range of advertisements advancing destructive body beliefs (Smith, 1999). What may truly have any kind of effect in this unfortunate pattern are associations that advance retaliating against the norms that the media presents. An association that has done quite recently that is the About-Face Organization. About-Face is a San Francisco based media education association that focuses on the impact of the broad communications on the physical, mental, and enthusiastic wellbeing of females. About-Face empowers individual activism against the slight body perfect. Since 1995 About-Face has been giving instruction and assets regarding this matter through research that shows a connection between presentation to the admired female in the media and the event of dietary problems (About-Face, 1996). Another association to advance positive self-perception is Dove. In 2004, Dove propelled the effective Campaign for Real Beauty which includes genuine ladies, not models, publicizing Doves items. The promotion is made out of six ladies all with flawless skin, hair, and teeth . The main thing that is taken a gander at as not immaculate is their weight. The ladies inside the Dove ad should depict genuine ladies rather than incredibly meager models in plans to counterbalance the ridiculously slender and unfortunate pictures related with demonstrating and notices with an end goal to broaden the generalization of magnificence and lift deals simultaneously. The motto genuine ladies have bends just as the battles Web website, which highlights cites from every one of the Campaign for Real Beauty models, works superbly of catching the general message of genuine magnificence (Dove, 2010) . The Campaign for Real Beauty has had an immense effect and reaction all through the world. The six ladies in the U.S. promotions are included in national TV spots, magazine commercials, print ads and bulletins in major urban markets in North America and comparative battle advertisements are being run all through the world by Dove also. The crusade and its effect on self-perception have been the subject of numerous papers and sites, getting for the most part acclaim, yet like some other news source, some analysis too. Some inquiry the authenticity of genuine excellence informing through business magnificence items alongside how the promotions may influence ladies who despite everything don't fit in with the depiction of magnificence in the Dove ads. In spite of the fact that the ladies are n

Reflection on Running a Marathon free essay sample

The senior undertaking I decided to do, was to contend in the John Muir Woods Marathon. I chose to run this long distance race since running has consistently been an enthusiasm of mine, and I needed to take it to the following level and contend in an official long distance race. In preparing for the long distance race, I learned self-restraint, perseverance, and how to have endurance. I likewise realized, that a long distance race (26. 2 miles) is significantly longer than it really appears! I had the option to raise an aggregate of $336. 0 towards the Danny Zabicki Foundation. Running a long distance race was both the hardest, yet most compensating thing I have ever done in my life. In spite of the fact that I realized that it would be a long course, it kept going significantly longer than I had foreseen, and I was certainly not expecting such a large number of steps and slopes in the run. I realized that the race would comprise of 4,400 feet of climbing and diving, however until I really began running the course, that number didn’t mean a lot to me. We will compose a custom paper test on Reflection on Running a Marathon or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page After the initial three miles, I was completely mindful of what 4,400 feet if climbing and sliding involved. It’s still too early to tell on the off chance that I could ever run another long distance race. Nonetheless, I have no second thoughts in doing as such. My loved ones tagged along to help me, and I had the option to see them at each check point for support. It was additionally compensating that I could have ever envisioned. To finish it off, I was really ready to run for a reason, which made it even more important to me.

UGA and Test Scores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA and Test Scores - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA and Test Scores Spring is the time for HS juniors to begin their college search process in earnest, and so begins the season of doubt. Should I send my SAT/ACT to UGA now, or wait until I see how I did? Fear not, because this question is a non-issue at UGA. UGAs policy on test scores is that we only look at the highest sub-scores of the SAT and the ACT, also known as super-scoring. This means that we take the highest Critical Reading, Math and Writing SAT scores from all your SAT tests to get your best overall combination, and your best ACT scores from each section to make the highest composite score (if you take the ACT, make sure we have a Writing score!) The one thing we do not do is overlap the SAT and ACT (we will not take your ACT English of 34 and match it with your 740 Math SAT). But remember, UGA will only look at your best scores for the SAT and ACT, and if you take both the SAT and ACT, we will use whichever test has the strongest overall best scores. In addition, sending your scores to UGA (or any college) can start the recruitment process in detail, as this indicates your interest in UGA and lets us know better about how you may match up with UGA, the Honors program, etc. (along with your self-reported GPA on the SAT/ACT report), as this one of the only pieces of academic information we have access to at this time in the process. We occasionally have juniors who wonder why we are not recruiting them, and generally, it is due to not knowing about them or their academic strengths. Sending us your ACT/SAT scores can start this process, and helps both you and us. Please remember, UGA is only focused on your best scores (I am trying to see how many different ways I can say this statement). So do not worry about which test scores to send (my best suggestion is to always request them to be sent when you sign up for the test), and enjoy your senior year!

Demystifying Six Sigma - a Company-Wide Approach to...

Demystifying Six Sigma This page intentionally left blank Demystifying Six Sigma A Company-Wide Approach to Continuous Improvement Alan Larson American Management Association New York †¢ Atlanta †¢ Brussels †¢ Buenos Aires †¢ Chicago †¢ London †¢ Mexico City San Francisco †¢ Shanghai †¢ Tokyo †¢ Toronto †¢ Washington, D. C. Special discounts on bulk quantities of AMACOM books are available to corporations, professional associations, and other organizations. For details, contact Special Sales Department, AMACOM, a division of American Management Association, 1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. Tel.: 212-903-8316. Fax: 212-903-8083. Web Site: www.amacombooks.org This publication is designed to provide accurate and†¦show more content†¦We were able to reduce costs, improve efficiencies, and maximize customer satisfaction in all operations. Within the manufacturing operations, we reduced the cost of sales by 30 percent. In administrative and service functions, we reduced cycle times and cost by as much as 90 percent. In 1990 and 1991 our division was used as the internal benchmark for service and administrative quality. This success was based on creating a Six Sigma culture in which goals and objectives were clearly defined and communicated, the creation of a six-step continuous improvement model utilizing the JUSE (Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers) seven problem-solving tools, and the effective management of the change. This book is written so that others can learn and apply these techniques. This book consists of three sections. Section One is about how to identify the need for a Six Sigma program and how to establish a Six Sigma culture. Section Two teaches a pragmatic six-step continuous improvement model. This continuous improvement model can be learned and used by all employees in manufacturing, administration, and service operations. Section Three presents methods for managing ix x P R E FAC E the change and a guide on what to expect during the phases of implementation. Benefits toShow MoreRelatedImplementation of Lean Manufacturing Tools in Garment Manufacturing Process Focusing Sewing Section of Men’s Shirt17575 Words   |  71 Pagesof 100 pieces from around 500 to 1500 pieces. Apart from these tangible benefits operator multi-skilling as well as the flexibility of style changeover has been improved. This study is conducted in the stitching section of a shirt manufacturing company. Study includes time studies, the conversion of traditional batch production into single piece flow and long assembly line into small work cells. Key Words: Lean manufacturing, Just In Time, Cellular manufacturing, Time study, Single Piece Flow 4

Ragtime, My Time - 768 Words

RAGTIME, MY TIME by A.F White Comprehension test Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences and in your own words. 1. In two or three sentences, write the main idea of this article. * This article talks about the racism issue that the author had to deal with, he tells us a personal story that he had to went through because he is a black men. 2. According to the way the author was raised, what did he believe would bring people respect? * He believed that qualities like been a hard working, been a good person, that always tell the true and been a gentleman would bring people respect 3. The author says in the essay that his life will never be the same. Explain two ways the author’s life has†¦show more content†¦Remained calm and did what he was told. DIRECTIONS: write T for true or F for false 14. F The police let the author ask questions 15. F the police asked the author and the four other men where they going 16. 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Balance in the administration of justice Free Essays

The term justice refers to canal provision of rights to every citizen in a given century. This concerns equal distribution and proper allocation of good things like wealth, and power. For a country to have justice in practice, people should be governed by laws which are well defined in a constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Balance in the administration of justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such laws assures citizens freedom in all their activities for instance, one can have a freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of movement among others. Through justice, one should have a right of access of any requirement like medical care, job opportunities, education and also settlement. At the same time, a country should ensure retributive of justice which mainly deals with rights response to law violators. This is facilitated by penalties administered to wrong doing. The major issues concerning legal environment in which justice and security administration operates includes natural laws which involves the system of results which naturally deserves from any action or choice. For every action taking place, there must be an equal opposite reaction which makes administration of justice to be universal and absolute concept. Authority in command is another environment in which justice operates. The country formulates rules and regulations which governs the people. Whatever is not allowed in the rules is termed as injustice. The state than has the mandate to administer the rules to the people concerned through its authority to command. Justice should also operate under mutual agreement of everyone concerned. For this case, the formulation of laws in a country should not favor any group. The biasness leads to unequal administration of justice which in turn can lead to imbalance in the state. The issue of fairness should be considered where by each person should have equal right to the whole system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. The least advantaged should have fare equality of opportunity to social and economic inequalities. Right history plays a major role especially in ownership of property. Each individual should be entitled to having the right kind of history be it from just acquisition especially by working or unowned things or just transfer, from sale or free gift but not from unlawful means like grabbing and stealing. Retributivism is another issue concerning legal environment which justice operates. It involves dealing with justice violators. For instance when one is denies his/her right, that should be reported to authority for necessary steps to be taken. Wrong doing should be balanced/made good which is achieved through punishment administration. Justice administration should portray a high independency in investigation of truth. For instance, during judgments, the lawyers and magistrates should not be bias but drill on truth of the matter to know the reality of a phenomenon. Joint terrorism task force is another area where justice and security administration operates which is a small cell of highly trained, locally based argent for law enforcement in monitoring and investigating terrorists. Obscenity prosecution task force is another field of justice and security operation which deals with protection of American’s families and children through being involved in their nation’s obscenity laws. Assistance to victims of crime, prisoners and ex-offenders and also women from domestic violence is guaranteed by organization of faith based and community initiatives task force in US through provision of funding opportunities within the federal government. Violence in schools has been prevented by the department of justice and department of education through provision of guide to help schools and communities to educate each other on safeguarding their children. Drug abuse is another issue which has affected the communities’ development. This has been prevented through mobilization of citizens, use of policing strategies and to school children, through use of after school recreation program. Voting is another area, where justice and security should be exercised. Every citizen is allowed by the law to freely choose the leader he/she requires without any influence. Justice also prohibits interference with access to reproductive health clinics or places of religions worship. Such should be accessible to every citizen. The changes in technology and mass communication has posed a positive effect administration of justice and security. Such includes establishment of the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 A century ago before introduction by the police and criminal evidence, police used to interview suspects generally through transcription of questions and answers from memory. This led to recommendation of gradual introduction of audio recording of police interrogation in police stations which facilitated subordinate legislation to be drafted in such away to leave the rules regulating the police in the exercise of their investigative powers, including interview recording with suspects. Advancement in technology has also led to public awareness of the laid down regulations through use of medias, law books and magazines. This enables the citizens to learn about the new rules and adhere to them appropriately. Technology and mass communication has led to revolution in telecommunications technology since 1978. If changed from making of calls on a wire and almost all transoceanic communications in radio communications to today’s technology which has reversed, as mot long-haul communications are on wire and local calls often travel by air. Other wholly new methods are also in place today like use of cell phones and e-mail which were not popular in 1970s. These new developments in technology play a vital role in restoring of security in different parts of world because information is acquired immediately after. Use of detection methods has contributed highly in maintenance of justice and security. This is acquired through use of well trained groups like intelligence groups who can be able to acquire a certain information before the disaster occurs. Change in technology and mass communication on the other hand can have negative effects in justice and security in that, for instance in times of world wide crisis, direct conveyance of first hand information can lead to incitation into other parts, hence lead to more damages. Technology also enables violators to use advanced destructive methods like bombings as for the case in US 1987 bombing Technological change also enabled citizens to know about the democracy. This automatically ruled out the traditional dictatorship leaderships and opened people’s mind to learn about their rights. The issues involved with individual rights versus the needs of the justice system should be balanced to maintain order and public safety. This has been achieved through regulating rules which are not bias to certain group of citizens. For instance, the right of speech should be available to every citizen. This enables everyone to express his/her self everywhere in the country. Every citizen is also entitled to a freedom of religion. A government should not decide on where and who people should worship but this should be based according to their faith. Assemble is another individual right whereby citizens should congregate anywhere and address their issues. The laws formulated by the government should abide to such rights for maintenance of order and security. Every citizen should be entitled to right of press in order to express his/her issues to others. The laws should not forbid this right because not unless one expresses himself, the shortcomings in the citizens cannot be known to the government. Voting is another issue whereby an individual should decide wisely on who to elect. In case of any malpractice, this can result to disagreement among the citizens hence lead to civil war in the country. Education opportunities should be available to every citizen in the country. This should be achieved through provision of similar education system of the same quality to all students irrespective of poor or rich families. Health facility is another issue which should be available to every citizen. In order to balance this issue with the justice system, the government should have well stipulated laws allowing free acquisition of medical care to the aged and the children. Employment opportunity is another issue which should be available to every citizen. The provision of this aspect should be justified according to ones qualification. The government should ensure this through setting rules to guide the concerned bodies of employment distribution. Disabled citizens should be treated like any other individual. The government should ensure they are given the first priority in issues like employment opportunities. Equal protection should be available to every citizen. Such protection should be under the law which ensures security to citizens either from assaults or injury by fellow citizens. This represents the right to live surveillance free and not to be identified as a suspect or to live suspiciously. The issue making decision about ones choice should be available to every citizen. For instance one should decide on marriage and reproduction which should be guarded by law and order. There should be provision of justice in issues of inheritance. This should occur after death of ones mate whereby his/her wealth should be inherited by the one who is left back. The issue of privacy should be observed as an individual right to every citizen. The law should ensure people’s security in their persons, honses and effects, against unreasonable searches. Another issue includes trial by jury. When one has been arrested, he should be proved guilty through trial. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused should enjoy the right to a speed and public trial and be notified. About the nature of cause of accusation; to be confronted with the witness against him to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor and look for help for his defense. Cruel or unusual punishment is another issue which should be justified by the law to ensure public safety and order. Once an individual has been arrested the issue of demanding excessive bail should not be practiced. Such an individual should be judged and if proved guilty, required punishment should be undertaken without imposing excessive fines or inflicting cruel and unusual punishments which in turn can lead to total harm to the victim. The issue of right to own and enjoy property has been an important aspect of human right. The law should justify that no individual should be deprived of either life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public usage and yet there is no compensation from the government. Such property include land, among others. References: Washburne G,(1923). Imperial control of the Administration of justice in the thirteen American colonies,1984-1776. New York. Brussels P, (12/9/2002). Finding the Balance. Cittation from internet. http://www. crisisgroup. org/ How to cite Balance in the administration of justice, Papers

Capstone Discussion Question Essay Example

Capstone Discussion Question Essay In the wake of accounting scandals over the past several years, how has the As urbane-Cooley Act (SOX) of 2002 affected the practice of accounting? What is the role of internal controls in complying with SOX (2002)? The Serbians-Cooley Act (SOX) of 2002 is an act pass by the Congress of the United States in the year of 2002 with the intention to protect investors in case of a possible fraudulent account act which normally are conducted by the organizations. This act gave a strict reforms to organizations to follow, by doing so it help to prevent accounting fraud and improve disclosure made by mom organizations. The act was the result of multiple accounting scandals such as Tycoon, World and Enron in the year of 2000. These scams resulted in the loss Of confidence Of the investor in the financial Statement and demanded the need for regulations. By introducing the Act, there were various compliance, regulatory measures which increased the amount of information that the organization needs to supplied the government authorities, which it also led to the changes in the accounting mechanism of the organizations. The act also requested that the organization needed to roved with more detailed application of accounting standards and differential reporting of segmental analysis, and expenses. All accounting transactions are now require to have a more professional approach and analytical by the accounting department of the organizations. The final report also has been increased, the correct classification of the expenses and the income should always be done after making the deterministic approach rather than the facie approach. The introduction of SOX in 2002, made accounting an ongoing process to carry through the year and it also returned organizations with a higher fees as compare to Pre-Sox periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Capstone Discussion Question specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Capstone Discussion Question specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Capstone Discussion Question specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Internal control plays an important role in the compliance of SOX. Multiple areas are covered under SOX reporting at the regular time interval by the organization, strict interval control prevents from the wrong information to be included in the report Internal Control helps to check how the other colleagues perform; it also reduces the chances of any future mistakes.

A Change in Thinking.

A Change in Thinking. A Change in ThinkingIn The Hammer Man, a young black girl learns about racial inequality through an event in her life. Realizing that being black is different than being white, she must change her way of thinking and acting in order to survive. The author, Toni Cade Bambara, wants to explain how racial inequality is not learned but experienced by black people because of their environment.The young girl grew up in an inner city neighborhood. She survived the neighborhood by becoming a tough tom-boy. She did not have much of a home life. She was not very close to her mother; however, she was closer to her father because she was the only girl. Miss Rose was a neighbor who was more like a mother to her. She listened to her problems and would take up for the little girl.Manny is a boy who wants to beat up the little girl because she said bad things about his mother.Sir mannyHe waited for her around her house for days, but she was inside hiding from him. It was around this time when Manny got on the roof and fell off. When she found out he was hurt she came out of her house. She did not see Manny very much after this accident.A youth center opened in the neighborhood and her mother pushed her into joining because she did not want her around. When at the center, she looked in the files and found out that she "was from a deviant family in a deviant neighborhood". One night after being thrown out of the center, she saw Manny practicing his lay-ups. She stood there and watched Manny for an hour and did not know why. The next thing she knew is that two cops are asking...

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training When it comes to business writing, which encompasses everything from email and report writing to marketing messages, even the Fortune 500 companies face crisis. All around theglobe, organizations spend millions onstaff training for leadership, motivation, team†building and whatnot, but invest far less in business writing training. This is a costly mistake.In mostcompanies, employees spend fully 40% of their time †Ã¢â‚¬  or more †Ã¢â‚¬  writing each day. Enhancingthis skill will greatly reduce time writing each document and yield better business writing. Traditionally, business writing typically referred to reports, proposals and memos. Thatnarrow definition is long gone. Every aspect of every business function is carried in some formof writing. New documents have emerged †Ã¢â‚¬  and some of them must be written and maintainedfor compliance with corporate or federal governance and other regulations. In such cases, the last thing your business needs is employees with poor writing skills. This iswhy your business’s primary objective, at the time of hiring, should be to assess the writing skills of your potential employees. After assessing your employees' writing skills, you will have a clear idea (ideally you will have a clear measurement) of current business writing skills and how to improve business writing skills overall. If you feel that your company lacks the necessary business writing skills to write relevant and structured content that clearly elicits the right business response, you can improve employee business writing abilities either by conducting an internal tutorial program or hiring outside expert training. In either case, here are the five most important factors that make up an effective business writing training session: 1) Qualification(s) The first step is to evaluate and verify the credentials of the writing expert and trainer who will conduct the business writing training. The instructor should be well†trained and experienced specifically in business writing, not writing in general. Look for a background in rhetoric, which indicates the trainer understands all aspects of business writing, including thinking, organization, creativity, relevance to audience purpose. Without an understanding of rhetoric, your business writing training could devolve to simplegrammar training. Good business writing training is much more than that. 2) Program Structure An effective business writing training class addresses both the substance and the syntax of documents. While syntax is easier to teach and to find an instructor for, substance requires a thorough understanding of your business, writing requirements, and relevant information involved. It is necessary to appoint an instructor who has both a mastery of English languageand who has taught writing and rhetoric as a subject previously.3) Customization There are several off†the†shelf business writing training programs and software available in the market. They offer a cost†effective way to improve business writing skills for your employees, but they may or may not be the right match for your particular company documents and employee skill gaps. One-size-fits-all doesn’t work with business writing, given its wide application. Search for a company that specializes in offering customized business writing training in addition to off†the†shelf options. This will ensure you’re dealing with a company that truly understands business writing. You will also save costs by gaining a customized business writing training program that does not have to built from scratch. 4) Continual Support Effective business writing training is not just a single event. Transforming your employees’ business writing skills involves continual training. After any business writing training program, make sure there is opportunity to ask ongoing questions and receive ongoing resources. Business writing standards evolve quickly. Make certain your employees have access to new information. 5) Flexibility Lastly, the business writing training should be flexible in two ways. First, it should achievethe desired results †Ã¢â‚¬  improve your employees’ business writing skills. Secondly, the training logistics should be flexible to match your requirements. Can the training support a large, onsite delivery? Can the training support a large, online delivery? Are online and onsite and general and customized options available to best match your needs? Will the company work with you to ensure logistics match what you want? Demand this. Download my eBook, â€Å"Four Steps to Improve Your Team’s Business Writing Skills"to learn more on what makes up a good business writing training session.Read and discover the secret art to effective business writing and maintaining your company’s image and efficiency through proper communication. Or, schedule a complimentary consultationwith a business writing expert to help your team write better at work.

Strategic managent of Marks and Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic managent of Marks and Spencer - Essay Example The intention of this study is Marks and Spencer as a leading UK based grocery retailer selling primarily clothing and food. The company has grown to be a successful large scale grocery being able to attract more than 21 million people each week. The company offers stylish, outstanding quality and greater value clothing and home products as well as supreme quality foods that are supplied from around 2000 different suppliers worldwide. The company is employing around 78,000 people throughout 700 UK stores and other international stores too. Clothing represents around 49 percent of its total sales and food and other items represent 51 % of the total sales. Food sales, especially as it was supplied from more than 2000 different suppliers, are highly crucial to the overall business strategy of the company. The food sales alone amounted to $ 7.90 billion in 2007- 2008, showing an increase of 1.4 percent over the figure of previous year. As the company is proud of the current business opp ortunities, Marks and Spencer remains to be the most favorite clothing retailer, and has delivered a better performance in the 2010-11. The market share of the company in terms of the value has been increased to 11.7 percent and it experienced a growth across all of its major areas because customers around the UKL sought the quality propositions of Marks and Spencer. According to the latest reports about the market share, Marks and Spencer’s share has been improved on year on year from 4 percent to 4.1 percent within a time of three months, ending in December 2010. (Milnes, 2010). With a mission to deliver quality greater valued food and clothing, Marks and Spencer could increase its potential market role and opportunities in the market and thus has achieved far better results than that of previous years. Environmental Analysis of Marks and Spencer The business environment of a firm consists of all the internal and external influences that impact the business at large, its pe rformance, productivity, revenues, competitiveness etc in particular. A large number of factors like employees, workplace situations, organizational culture, management etc influence the business internally where as other factors like competition, politics, economy, and

Human Resource Management for Service Industries Assignment - 1

Human Resource Management for Service Industries - Assignment Example It involves having the total responsibility of maintaining high-quality standards of the selected hotel. The job comes with comprehensive training activities, competitive benefits and handsome annual salary that relies on the market pay ranges. There is an additional monthly bonus. There is also room for personal career growth, as well as enough opportunity for steady progression. As a hotel manager, one is responsible for overseeing the daily operations of the hotel and management of the junior workforce. Also, guarantees that high-quality guest service, as well as the severe quality and cleanliness standards, are unfailingly sustained. One assumes the total ownership of the hotel premises, being able to carry out some minor maintenance and repairs, and ascertaining profitability of the business and that guests are satisfied with the hotel services. As a hotel general manager, one receives various economic and physical benefits. As the hotel industry experiences constant growth, it also provides an avenue for career growth. One also enjoys a fully paid comprehensive training that helps one achieve his credentials as a certified hotel manager. Furthermore, by being hardworking and a display of professionalism one receives handsome rewards with remarkable compensation and benefits. A hotel manager requires an individual with the ability of combining meticulous professionalism with a sociable, convivial and enthusiastic personality. Ones need to be outgoing, well presentable and able to usher in guests into the hotel as it were his home. Also, possess the ability to manage P&L and financials efficiently so as to ensure the continual profitability of the hotel. The employees play a critical role in the success of any business. Therefore, careful selection and recruitment of working personnel is essential for any organization, as well as the hotel industry. In order to get the required applicant pool that is diverse and talented a team

Latex Products In The Work Pla :: essays research papers

Over the last decade, many employees have developed allergies related to the use of latex. “The employees affected have mainly been found in healthcare, food services and in beauty services.'; As employees in these areas, as well as other areas have learned of the potential risk from the contraction of disease leading to death, caused by the exposure to bodily fluids, they have realized that the use of products to stop the exposure is absolutely essential. This has substantially increased and spread the use of latex products, mainly gloves. “The use of so many is very costly, so many employees turned to third world countries who produce a cheaper, untreated latex, which although it cannot be blamed alone for the development of latex allergies, does contribute to the problem.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The repeated use of latex in the work place can lead to allergies that affect the worker’s ability to function both at work and at home. “The allergies developed can result in degree from a minor irritation to an anaphylactic shock. Out of the many types of allergic reactions only two types, Type I and Type IV have been observed as being related to latex. Type IV reactions have proved to be a response to additives used by the manufacturer. They are uncomfortable, but not life threatening. This is the opposite of Type I reactions. Type I reactions are caused by an antibody called IgE which recognizes the cause of the allergy from previous exposure.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The Type I allergens in latex products exist naturally. They remain in the latex during processing. Three proteins found to be involved with the latex allergies are Kd-14, Kd-20 and Kd-27. The proteins can be airborne through powder residue on the gloves, so they can be transmitted through the air. The proteins are also water-soluble. The reactions from Type I include eye, nose, and respiratory symptoms. If left untreated the reaction may be life threatening.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “The death count associated with Type I reactions up until 1995 is 16 due to latex.'; These deaths prove that the latex allergies that are being developed are a serious risk to employee health, and the matter needs to be dealt with seriously. Both employers and government need to take charge of the issue to ensure the safety of the employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The employer needs to provide policies and procedures to reduce the exposure to latex. Until recently latex gloves were the automatic protection worn by all employees dealing with people, or products for people, and in many places this is still the case.

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study By: Katrina Robinson Bus520 Leadership and Organizational Dr. Leonardo Serrano Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study Outline the Leadership Style of Branson and its effectiveness to the U. S today Richard Branson and Effective Leadership Incorporation of Branson’s Leadership at School or Work. The Leadership Style of Branson and its effectiveness to the U.S today Richard Branson, the chairman and CEO of the Virgin Group has come up with a type of leadership centered on employees. He has embraced transformational leadership model as a style of leadership. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that focused on effecting revolutionary change in organizations through a commitment to the organization’s vision. Transformational leadership includes engendering trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect amongst followers throug h application of charismatic vision and behavior.Transformational leadership encourages change through intellectual stimulation aimed at self-reflective change of values and beliefs. Vision is critical for transformational leadership because employees are more comfortable when they understand the vision and direction of the company going forward. Transformational leadership impacts individuals' self-growth. Transformational leadership develops followers who can perform beyond their own and others' expectations.Transformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. This vision may be developed by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. Transformational leadership focuses on social values and appears in times of distress and change. Sir Richard Branson has empowered his employees to attain a given vision of the company. This has led to the rise in productivity and the morale of the worker.It has also increased utility and the wide professional and individual growth of the company. Sir Richard Branson is an iconic and legendary figure within business circles. His Virgin companies span the globe, while his thirst for brand domination and sense of adventure tell a story of an intriguing and thought provoking life sprinkled with danger, high risk tactics, pushing the boundaries of the possible and an encompassing purpose that is built upon fairness and change. In terms of leadership model addressed in Chapter 10 and 11, Branson exemplifies a transformational leader.Transformational leadership involves anticipating future trends, inspiring followers to understand and embrace a new vision of possibilities, developing others to be leaders or better leaders, and building the organization or group into a community of challenged and rewarded learners. Visionary, inspiring, daring, and ethical are words that describe transformational leaders. They a re risk takers who seize or create new opportunities. They are also thoughtful thinkers who understand the interactions of technology, culture, stakeholders, and external environmental forces (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011, page 329).He is not as much concerned about industry-specific expertise as he is with recruiting employees with strong communication and teamwork competencies that mesh with the Virgin culture. He truly feels that getting other peoples input and listening to what people have to say are a core value to him. He carries a notebook in his pocket all the time just in case he hears something interesting from people that he interacts with on any level. He loves to take high-risk decisions if in the end he feels it's worthwhile. According to the authors, passion is essential for task accomplishment.Passion is often more present in entrepreneurial leaders and Sir Richard Branson should be regarded as a passionate leader. On the Virgin group website (5) the company mentions â €Å"giving birth† to companies and â€Å"holding their hand† through the organizational development. This is by all means a supportive standpoint, far away from the quarterly run businesses of many. An example of his courage might be when he under heavy competition in the US decided to sell out Virgin Records to save the financials of Virgin Atlantic.In that deal he also decided to switch bank due to poor support and advice for Virginia Records. An example of Branson’s willingness to take risk is his venture into space tourism with Virgin Galactic. That business is by no doubt regarded as extremely courageous and risky but at the same time driven by the same reasons as any other business, profit. Branson has worked closely with Scaled Composites to develop a tourism spacecraft (9). As he puts it, it was a very risky act that could have gone totally wrong (10), (13).However Branson is not a stranger to risk management, according to an article in Time (6). He comm only starts out small and shares the risk with other investors. His companies are also loosely connected according to the article, to minimize risk for each party. Richard Branson’s ventures portray creativity, venturing into airliners using new creative measures such as touch-screen ordering of food and comfortable planes. This comes in an era where most other airliners are figuring out how to remove the last remaining frills to cut costs.Another developed skill is the possibility of delegating work to his colleagues and management staff and taking a step back. He spends a lot of time in the early days of a new business, drawing the big picture and helping the management setting the business plan and the way forward. When this is done he takes a step back and lets the management get a stake in the business and drive it forward. †The company must be set up so that it can continue without me†. Sir Richard is very thorough in hiring the right people. He is known for bringing in good managers and getting them to stay.If they don’t perform at an existing assignment he brings them into another venture where the person is more likely to perform according to his capabilities. †Look for the best and you’ll get the best†, is his words. Firing people is seldom an option to Sir Richard. This situational leadership model would combine both directive and supportive behaviors. Directive behavior would influence the culture by explaining what needed to be done; helping to organize the how, where, and when of getting it done, and ensuring a more hands on approach to the tactical nature of the plan.Supportive leadership, in combination, would provide both encouragement and coaching, and would act to facilitate problem solving and the large amount of issues that require change management. Both approaches could be used by Virgin, some more often than others, but would be a variable model of directive (high and low) depending on the pa rticular situation at hand. Essentially, this style chooses the right leadership style for the right person – and varies depending upon that individual’s ifts, views, background, and personality (The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, 2012) If this model were adopted by Branson, he would have both the responsibility and ethical requirement to continually assess situations at hand, find the most appropriate placement on the above grid for that issue, and then act accordingly. Of course, at his level the â€Å"issues† would likely remain strategic and rather broad, and it would not always be possible to â€Å"never† direct change, or â€Å"always† direct change.Instead, it would be the appropriateness of individual situations and people that would place this model into Virgin’s strategic and tactical locus of operation (Farrington, 2012). Let us imagine for a moment that the technology has improved enough in aeronautics and space travel that it is possible to develop regular trips to a Space Station, or, at the very least, a launch and trip on a shuttle that would orbit the earth and allow passengers to experience space, a view of the planet, and an educational experience. It is quite natural to assume that the Virgin group might be seminal in the development of this type of new tourist activity.The easiest way to integrate some of Branson’s leadership qualities into the daily job would be to first and foremost examine the job and find the most exciting possibilities and potential for it and then to communicate that to colleagues, staff, and management. If in a managerial position, allow employees to come up with creative solutions to problems meet as a group and indicate a goal or challenge, ask for ideas, and then take some time to consider them, allowing employees to participate in this effort and help them feel empowered and part of the team.Part of being a good leader, according to Branson, is al so the ability to know when to back away from a task. â€Å"As much as you need a strong personality to build a business from scratch, you also must understand the art of delegation,† he says. â€Å"I have to be good at helping people run the individual businesses, and I have to be willing to step back. The company must be set up so it can continue without me. † In my opinion, the most important factor of good leadership is relating to other people. If you’re good with people†¦and you really care, genuinely care about people†. Leadership teams are generally composed of management brought together to span the boundaries between different functions in the organization. In order for a product to be delivered to market, the heads of finance, production, and marketing must interact and come up with a common strategy for the product. At top management levels, teams are used in developing goals and a strategic direction for the firm as a whole. Technology is impacting how teams meet and function.Collaborative software and conferencing systems have improved the ability for employees to meet, conduct business, share documents, and make decisions without ever being in the same location. While the basic dynamics of other types of teams may still be relevant, the dynamics and management of virtual teams can be very different. Most theories view leadership as grounded in one or more of the following three perspectives: leadership as a process or relationship, leadership as a combination of traits or personality characteristics, or leadership as certain behaviors or, as they are more commonly referred to, leadership skills.In virtually all of the more dominant theories there exist the notions that, at least to some degree, leadership is a process that involves influence with a group of people toward the realization of goals. I will say on the front end that, in my opinion, leadership is a dynamic and complex process, and that much of what is written these days tends to over-simplify this process. Trait theory postulates that people are either born or not born with the qualities that predispose them to success in leadership roles.Skills theory states that learned knowledge and acquired skills/abilities are significant factors in the practice of effective leadership. Situational theory states that is, to be effective in leadership requires the ability to adapt or adjust one’s style to the circumstances of the situation. Contingency theory states that a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on how well the leader’s style matches a specific setting or situation.The underlying beliefs of path-goal theory (grounded in expectancy theory) are that people will be more focused and motivated if they believe they are capable of high performance, believe their effort will result. The key in transformational leadership is for the leader to be attentive to the needs and motives of followers in an attempt to help th em reach their maximum. Transactional theory is a theory that focuses on the exchanges that take place between leaders and followers.It is based in the notion that a leader’s job is to create structures that make it abundantly clear what is expected of his/her followers and also the consequences (i. e. rewards and punishments) for meeting or not meeting these expectations. References Hellriegel, D. , ; Slocum, J. (2007). Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: Thompson Higher People and Planet. (2012, January). Retrieved from Virgin. com: http://www. virgin. com/people-and-planet/our-vision The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory. (2012, January). Retrieved from Mind Tools: http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_44. htm

Human Rights Norms And The Prohibition Of Torture Essay

Question 1 (i) Do States have universal jurisdiction to prosecute offenders? Human rights norms – and the prohibition of torture in particular - belong to the category of jus cogens. That status means that they are peremptory norms so  ´its derogation is not permitted and can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character’ (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, art. 53). When a violation of any of these peremptory norms occurs, States should have jurisdiction to prosecute and punish offenders in its territory even where the violations have been committed outside its territory and there are no other connecting factors . This is further explained in Prosceutor v. Anto Furundzija (ICTY 1998) where was demonstrated that one of the consequences of the jus cogens character is that every State has the right to prosecute and punish the authors of crimes of torture present in a territory under its jurisdiction . 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The Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon - 954 Words

â€Å"Fight in the name of God and in the ‘path of god’. Combat those who disbelieve in God.† The quote above is an excerpt from Matthew Gordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements that fostered the rise of Islam helped establish one of the largest religions in western civilization. Pre-Islamic Arabia was a culture knit together by kinship. In this society there was no emperor or ruling elite. The people of pre-Islamic Arabia were bound together by nomadic tribes who made profit by trading and most importantly â€Å"raiding†. These raids w ere often described as small-scale warfare and were instrumented by tribal leaders in order to increase the wealth and power of the tribe (Gordon 5). This was the society in which Islam came to power. Warfare and raiding were essential in order to be successful in pre-Islamic Arabia. The integration of warfare into the Islamic religion created a similarity among Muslims, those who follow Islam, and non-Islamic Arabian people. This relationship and common interest established by the prophet Muhammad helped in the rise of Islam among non-IslamicShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Role of the Qur’an in Muslim Religion764 Words   |  4 Pages(â€Å"Scripture and Tradition in Islam- The Qur’an and Hadith† 104), and gave the messages from Allah to him. From the establishment of the Qur’an, Muslims have viewed the book as the last revelation of their god Allah, and thus are the true words from God for their ways of life and in reaching Allah in their afterlife. 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Types Of Player On Online Multiplayer Games - 958 Words

Types of Player in Online Multiplayer Games Generally speaking there are a lot people who play online games and most of them can be categorized. These people can range form rude scumbags to nice decent human beings, but mostly annoying rude such bags. There are six types—try hard, rager, troll, ego, silent, and cool guy. Each type of these people contribute to a game and its community in many ways and can often give games reputations of the people who play them. People in gaming communities are often stereotyped for what game they play rather than what they have to say. Many times there has been players being rude to foreign people and thus reenforcing the rude american stereotype. The online community needs to be more conscious of the other player around them and the impact they can have. Any game with a professional or competitive scene will always has try hards. Although, you can find these people in nearly any game. These people will do anything to win or be deemed good at a video game. They pride themselves on winning games which is all that matters to them in the end. Try hards are the type of gamers that are sometimes referred to as no-lives. The term no-live in this sense means they spend a lot of time playing the game to be good. Spending as much time as the do playing they supposably have little to go out side or do anything else except play the game. These people will act one of two ways to win the game—encouragement or self-centered. The encouraging way is theyShow MoreRelatedMmorpgs Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesPeople all the world continue to participate in a Massively multiplayer online role-playing games MMORPGs. Wherever gamers stay involved in the role-playing through online video games that utilize, and MMORPG that creates an avatar that has the features that individual select and can play with an enormous number of players that communicate though aviator within a virtual world. 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Bacterias Prokaryotes Free Essays

Archaea is considered to be another domain, besides Prokaryotes (which include bacteria) and eukaryotes (which include plants, animals, fungi and protests). Eukaryotes have a well-defined nucleus, membrane cell structure. On the other hand prokaryotes have a well-defined cell wall and contain an irregular nucleus. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacterias Prokaryotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Archaea was defined in the 1970’s, and it was observed that they survived at high temperatures (above 100 degrees centigrade), pressure or salt concentrations and is known as ‘extremophiles’. They may produce methane gas as part of metabolism. They were found in regions other than which other organisms cannot survive such as geysers, oil wells, deep ocean, hypersaline waters, hot springs, etc, and hence could be helping to maintain the ecological niche. As they can survive only in very high temperatures in which other forms of life cannot exist, they were considred to be absent in the human body. However, scientists are considering that Archaea domain can in fact be present in the human body and can cause disease. Under a normal microscope viewed under standard conditions, Archaea would appear as small dots, as they are inactive at this room conidtions (B. Waggoner B. R. Speers. 1994). With the help of an electron microscope can the Archaea domain can be examined. There are several other techniques of examining the Archaea species. Molecular techniques seem to be very effective in detecting and isolating Archaea as their genetic material can be identified (especially PCR). The presence of lipids present in the Archaea cell can be determined with the help of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Fluorescent in situ hybridization is also utilized in some instances to study the relationship between the genetic material of Archaea and the presence of diseases. Immunological methods such as in situ immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry are being studied as to how they could be utilized in detecting Archaea. They are of limited use as there are some issues with the antigen produced by Archaea (P. B. Eckburg. 2003 E. F. DeLong, 1999). References: B. Waggoner B. R. Speer. â€Å"Introduction to the Archaea, Life’s extremists†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 1994, UCMP. 28 Sep. 2007 http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/archaea/archaea. html B. Waggoner B. R. Speer. â€Å"Archaea: Morphology†, 1994, UCMP. 28 Sep. 2007 http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/archaea/archaeamm. html Edward F. DeLong, Lance Trent Taylor, Terence L. Marsh, and Christina M. Preston. â€Å"Visualization and Enumeration of Marine Planktonic Archaea and Bacteria by Using Polyribonucleotide Probes and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. † Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65. 12 (1999). http://aem. asm. org/cgi/content/abstract/65/12/5554 Paul B. Eckburg, Paul W. Lepp, and David A. Relman. â€Å"Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease. † Infection and Immunity 71. 2 (2003). http://iai. asm. org/cgi/content/full/71/2/591 How to cite Bacterias Prokaryotes, Papers

Advantages of Sole Trader-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Conduct research into the industry and/or product that your client wishes to participate in with respect to the type of business structures that are most prevalent in the Industry. Answer: Introduction: A sole trader is the structure under which individual is responsible to conduct the operations of the business. For example- sole trader is not able to share debts and losses of the business with others, and they enjoy all the profits of the business. This business structure is the simplest and inexpensive form of structure which can be chosen by the individual at the initial stage of the business. Context related to corporation is completely different from sole proprietorship because members of the corporation are the owners and business is managed by the directors (Business, 2017). This report states the advantages, disadvantages, and scope of both the structures that is sole trader and corporation. This report further states whether sole proprietorship is appropriate for Penny Grey or not. Lastly, this paper is concluded with brief conclusion. About sole proprietorship: Generally, Sole proprietorship is the business structure which has no separate existence from its owner, and income and losses of this structure are taxed under the personal income tax return of the individual. This form of business is simple to operate, and under this structure individual is responsible to conduct the operations of the business. Usually, sole proprietorship refers to the individual who is considered as the owner of the business, and such individual is personally liable for the debts of the business. This form of business is operated under the name of the owner of the business, and owner can also conduct the business under fictitious name. It must be noted that such fictitious name does not separate the business from the owner (ALG, n.d.). This form of business is popular because of its low cost, less regulations, easy setup, and simplicity. For the purpose of conducting business under sole proprietorship, individual must register the name and get local license. There is also one disadvantage of this form that is, sole trader is personally liable for all the debts of the firm. Therefore, when sole proprietorship faces financial consequences then creditors file case against the owner of the business. In case creditors won the case then owner is personally liable towards them (ASIC, n.d.). It is clear, that sole proprietorship does not have separate legal entity from its owners, and it has both advantages and disadvantages which are stated below: Advantages of sole trader: It is the simplest form of business, and if individual initiate the operations of the business with his own name then such individual is not under obligation to register the name of the business. Therefore, this form of business is more ideal at the initial stage of the business. Sole trader is the only owner of the business, and controls the operations of the business. There is no obligation on sole trader to take permission of others for taking any decision related to management issue. This business is also simple in the context of tax and accounting. In other words, there is no obligation on business owner to file separate tax return of the business, because all the income of the business is taxed under the personal return of the owner. Owner also gets advantage to deduct the cost of operating the business from the income earned by the business (Business Victoria, n.d.). As compared to other form of business, sole proprietorship is less expensive in nature, and it requires less set up amount. Sole proprietor enjoys the freedom of making the business decisions because he is the only one who is responsible for conducting the operations of the company, and it results in quick decision making process (ATO, n.d.; ATO, 2016). Disadvantages of Sole proprietorship, and how corporates are different from Sole Proprietorship: There are number of advantages of sole proprietorship which makes this business more appealing in nature, but there are some disadvantages also which must be kept in mind while choosing this business. Some of these disadvantages are stated below: The most important disadvantage of this business is that business is not a separate legal entity from its members, which means owner of the business is personally liable for the debts of the business. There is no separation between business assets and personal assets. In other words, creditors can file case against the owner of the business for the debts and liabilities of the business. This disadvantage prevents the owner of the business to take further risk for the expansion and diversification of the business. In Corporations, there is clear separation between the personal assets and business assets of the business, which make the corporation more suitable form of business at the time of expansion and diversification of the business. Section 1.5.1 of the Corporation Act 2001 states that, companies has separate legal existence from its owners. This can be understood through case law Peate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation. In this case Court stated that Company was considered as new legal entity in the eyes of law. As stated, there is no difference between the sole proprietor and its owner, and after the death of the owner there is no one who conducts the operations of the business, which means with the end of the owner business also ends. However, in some cases owner make the future plan and hier representative who continue the operations of the business. On the other hand in corporations, business enjoys the perpetual existence, which means that business does not end with the death of the owner. This can be understood through case law Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561. In this case, both shareholder and director died but still existence of company is continued. Corporations have number of ways to raise money for the purpose of conducting operations of the business, and the easiest way available to them is to issue shares. This means corporations offer partial ownership of the company in exchange of money, and such money can be used to expand the business. On the other hand, sole trader does not have shares to offer and they are not able to sell the ownership of the company. Sole proprietorship is able to raise money like other business structures. It must be noted that there is no separation between the personal assets and business assets and because of this owner mortgage their personal property for the purpose of getting loan. In case business of the company fails, and owner does not have enough money to pay the loan then lender has right to take the personal assets of the owner (Business, 2017). In the present case, penny Grey wants to expand her business and expansion of business required funds. Therefore it is more beneficial for her to choose corporate rather than sole proprietorship. The other disadvantage of sole proprietorship is less capital, which means that sole trader is not able to arrange large amount of money for the purpose of conducting the business operations of the company. Sole proprietorship does not have enough investors who invest money in the idea of the owner. On the other hand, corporations can easily raise high amount of capital because there are number of investors who can raise money for the business. If Penny Grey chooses corporate as business structure then it becomes simple for her to arrange capital through investors or by selling the shares of the company. Sole trader is the only individual who makes the decisions of the business, but it has some disadvantages also such as lack of experts advice. In this form of business, owner is the only person who is responsible for all his decisions. For the purpose of expanding the business, Penny required advice of experts and support for making the decisions. If she holds sole proprietorship, it is not possible for her to get support in decision making process. After considering above advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that sole proprietorship is better for initial stage of the business, but this structure is not appropriate when preferences of the owner changed. In case, owner of the business wants to expand the business then they must consider other options too (SMH, 2007). Corporation: There are number of factors which influence various aspects of business, and it includes how profit and liability are divided, payment related to taxes, and who controls the business. If owner wants to expand the business, then it is beneficial for owner to choose corporation instead of partnership or sole proprietorship. Some factors are stated below which help the owner to decide the appropriate structure for the purpose of expanding their business. Business can be restructured for the purpose of meeting the financial goals and other objectives also. Owner must choose that structure which improves the profitability and cash flow of the business and for this purpose corporation is more suitable option. Business can be restructured when it becomes necessary to reorganize the internal functions of the business. For example-sales and marketing, for the purpose of improving the operations of their business. Owner can also restructure their business when they decide to diversify or expand their business. Such as, when they decide to expand their business overseas or decide to expand the functions related to products and services. Therefore, this change is necessary for ensuring growth and for this change corporation is the most suitable form of structure. As stated in the present case, Penny Grey runs business of outdoor fitness as a sole trader, and she managed this business with the help of young family members. Now, she wants to expand her business, and for this purpose she needs advice. As stated above, sole proprietorship is the structure which suits at the initial stage of the business, but it is not appropriate at the time of expansion of business. Therefore, it is advisable to Mrs. Penny Grey that she can adopt corporation structure for conducting the operations of their business. Shareholders are the owners of the corporation, who get advantage from the profits earned by the company. On the other hand, sole proprietorship is owned by one person only who gets all the profits of the business, and also responsible for all the losses of the business. Corporation is considered as most complex structure of business and it has number of set-up regulations, but this form of structure offers high number of rewards as compared to other form of structures. Protection from liability- the biggest benefit provided by corporation is protection against liability, which is not offered by other forms of business. Corporation is considered as separate legal entity, and law separates the business assets and personal assets in this form of structure. In this, there is no risk on the personal assets of shareholders if company fails to pay the liability of the creditors. This can be understood through case law Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. In this case, Court stated that corporate was separate legal entity from its owners. In case of sole proprietorship and partnership, owners of the business are liable for the debts of the business and their personal assets are also at risk (Business, 2017). Therefore, Penny can choose this structure because it reduces the risk of liability in case company incurred losses. Penny can secure her personal assets by choosing corporation structure and expand her business with less or minimum risk. Raising funds- as compared to other form of structures, corporations can easily raise the funds for the purpose of conducting projects and operations. There are number of ways through which corporations can raise funds such as corporations can sell their ownership in part, raise loans by mortgaging the assets of the business, other investors, etc.. This can be understood through case law Trust Company of Australia Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2007] VSC 451. As stated above, for business expansion Penny required funds on different stages of business, and for this purpose she can also sell the partly ownership of her company. In corporations, it is easy to transfer the interest in ownership to the third parties, and it does not affect the continuance operations of the business. In case of sole proprietorship and partnership it is not easy to sell the complete business, because it directly affects the operations of the firm. Not only assets are transferred but licenses and permits are also transferred which makes this task more difficult. Tax Benefits- there are number of benefits in context of tax are available to corporations, but these benefits are not available to sole proprietorship and partnership. Tax returns of corporations are not clubbed with the returns of shareholders, both shareholders and corporations files separate tax returns. Shareholders pay taxes on salaries, dividends, and bonus earned by them from the corporation (Business, 2017). Penny is not liable to pay tax on the profits earned by the company, and she is only liable to pay tax on her income only Conclusion: This report contains detailed discussion related to sole proprietorship and other alternatives for Penny Grey for the purpose of expanding their business of outdoor fitness. Sole proprietorship is the structure which suits at the initial stage of the business, but it is not appropriate at the time of expansion of business. After considering the comparison between corporation and sole trader, it is clear that corporation is better for expanding the business almost in every way. Therefore, it is advisable to Mrs. Penny Grey that she can adopt corporation structure for conducting the operations of their business. References: ALG. Business Structures. Available at: https://www.shopify.in/guides/australia/business-structures. Available at 17th August 2017. ASIC. Choosing a business structure. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/your-business-structure/. Available at 17th August 2017. ATO, (2016). Choosing your business structure. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/. Available at 17th August 2017. ATO, (2016). Sole Trader. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/business/starting-your-own-business/before-you-get-started/choosing-your-business-structure/sole-trader/. Available at 17th August 2017. Business Victoria. Sole trader. Available at: https://www.business.vic.gov.au/setting-up-a-business/business-structure/sole-trader. Available at 17th August 2017. Business, (2017). Company. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types/company. Available at 17th August 2017. Business, (2017). What are the set-up steps and costs. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/change-business-structure/sole-trader-to-a-company/difference-between-a-sole-trader-and-a-company/what-are-the-set-up-steps-and-costs. Available at 17th August 2017. Business. (2017). Business structure. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure. Available at 17th August 2017. Peate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1964) 111 CLR 44. Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561 Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. Trust Company of Australia Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2007] VSC 451. SMH, (2007). Advantages and disadvantages of operating as a sole trader. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/small-business/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-operating-as-a-sole-trader-20090619-cpvm.html. Available at 17th August 2017.