The Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon - 954 Words

â€Å"Fight in the name of God and in the ‘path of god’. Combat those who disbelieve in God.† The quote above is an excerpt from Matthew Gordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements that fostered the rise of Islam helped establish one of the largest religions in western civilization. Pre-Islamic Arabia was a culture knit together by kinship. In this society there was no emperor or ruling elite. The people of pre-Islamic Arabia were bound together by nomadic tribes who made profit by trading and most importantly â€Å"raiding†. These raids w ere often described as small-scale warfare and were instrumented by tribal leaders in order to increase the wealth and power of the tribe (Gordon 5). This was the society in which Islam came to power. Warfare and raiding were essential in order to be successful in pre-Islamic Arabia. The integration of warfare into the Islamic religion created a similarity among Muslims, those who follow Islam, and non-Islamic Arabian people. This relationship and common interest established by the prophet Muhammad helped in the rise of Islam among non-IslamicShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Role of the Qur’an in Muslim Religion764 Words   |  4 Pages(â€Å"Scripture and Tradition in Islam- The Qur’an and Hadith† 104), and gave the messages from Allah to him. From the establishment of the Qur’an, Muslims have viewed the book as the last revelation of their god Allah, and thus are the true words from God for their ways of life and in reaching Allah in their afterlife. Th e book also teaches â€Å"mankind’s responsibility assigned by God† (Gordon 115). Therefore, Muslims practices in ways to prove their devotion towards the new religion of Islam by being faithful,Read MoreThe Roles and Goals of the Caliphates1008 Words   |  4 PagesThe first three caliphates to rule after the death of Muhammad shaped the foundation for the growth and development of the early Islamic community. The goal of the caliphates was to unify the Islamic people and spread the word of Islam as far as they could. Although their main goal was the same, the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Abbasid caliphate went about this goal in separate ways. The different techniques used by each caliphate was dependent on the individual caliphs. TheRead MoreThe Man Who Changed Our World3426 Words   |  14 Pageswas to be made on Muhammad s life. They migrated almost 300 miles to a city called Medina. When Muhammad got to Medina, he set up rules known as the Constitution of Medina (Gordon 13). In this constitution, the rights and duties of the citizens of Medina were set up. Some of the first people of Medina to be converted to Islam were the pagans, who had been under the rule of other clan leaders. The Muslims began to become a fighting society, attacking caravans from Mecca and initiating other armedRead MoreIslam More Than a Religion1408 Words   |  6 PagesIslam More Than A Religion Despite its huge following around the world and the growing Muslim communities in the United States, Islam is foreign to most Americans who are familiar with Christianity or Judaism. Because most Americans know little or nothing about Islam, they have many misconceptions about Muslim beliefs and rituals. The negative image many people in the United States and Europe have of Islam and the Muslim world has a long history. Many have judged Islam without making an effortRead MoreAnalysis Of Abc Islam Book 1581 Words   |  7 Pages ABC Islam Book By Ethan Khorashadi (Letters A - M) and Nathan Karter (Letters N - Z) A is for astronomy Astronomy was one of the great advances by Muslim scholars. This study had many uses for Muslims. Muslims also used this study to be directed in the direction in Mecca Muslims also found at the earth evolves around the sun. B is for Baghdad Baghdad was a Muslim city that was decorated with the most advance architecture. This city was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.Read MoreExchange of Information Between Sumer Egypt and India Essay examples2068 Words   |  9 Pagesbecome a way of life for them. Cattle became not only an additional source of food, but a form of money as well. Wealth was determined by the size of ones herd, which often led to war as cattle were frequently stolen. In the Indus valley, the rise of civilization showed traits similar to that of the Sumerians a thousand years prior. Both civilizations consisted of Neolithic farmers and spread out on the valleys of the river to take advantage of the fertile soil and abundance of water. TheRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity9485 Words   |  38 PagesGlobal Perspectives (C. Nyamiti and A.O. Ogbonnaya) 349-379 (30 pp.) Week 10:A TOWARD A PRACTICAL TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY Baptism and Christian Identity: Teaching in the Triune Name Gordon S. Mikoski 39-69 (30 pp.) Week 10:B FORMATION IN THE TRIUNE NAME Baptism and Christian Identity: Teaching in the Triune Name Gordon S. Mikoski 217-237 (30 pp.) Week 10:C THE THREEFOLD PATTERN â€Å"The Trinity† in The Cambridge Companion to Postmodern Theology Ed. by Kevin J. Vanhoozer 186-201 (15 pp.) ClaudeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdignity, principles were enunciated and precedents established that would form the basis for the more broadly based human rights struggles of the last half of the century. Due in large part, however, to the weaknesses of the League, resistance to the rise of internal repression and interstate aggression in the interwar years was feeble at best. Stalinist, fascist, and Japanese militarist contempt for civil rights, much less even peaceful protest, opened the way for brutally repressive regimes thatRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagescustomers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-0-07-811257-7 MHID 0-07-811257-5 Vice President Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon Vice President, EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether-David Editorial Director: Paul Ducham Managing Developmental Editor: Laura Hurst Spell Developmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate Marketing Manager: Jaime Halteman Project Manager:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesResponsible Managers Relieve Stress on Their Employees 607 Questions for Review 608 Experiential Exercise Power and the Changing Environment 608 Ethical Dilemma Changes at WPAC 609 Case Incident 1 Starbucks Returns to Its Roots 610 Case Incident 2 The Rise of Extreme Jobs 610 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior 616 623 Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 About the Authors Stephen P. Robbins Education Ph.D. University of Arizona Professional Experience Academic

Types Of Player On Online Multiplayer Games - 958 Words

Types of Player in Online Multiplayer Games Generally speaking there are a lot people who play online games and most of them can be categorized. These people can range form rude scumbags to nice decent human beings, but mostly annoying rude such bags. There are six types—try hard, rager, troll, ego, silent, and cool guy. Each type of these people contribute to a game and its community in many ways and can often give games reputations of the people who play them. People in gaming communities are often stereotyped for what game they play rather than what they have to say. Many times there has been players being rude to foreign people and thus reenforcing the rude american stereotype. The online community needs to be more conscious of the other player around them and the impact they can have. Any game with a professional or competitive scene will always has try hards. Although, you can find these people in nearly any game. These people will do anything to win or be deemed good at a video game. They pride themselves on winning games which is all that matters to them in the end. Try hards are the type of gamers that are sometimes referred to as no-lives. The term no-live in this sense means they spend a lot of time playing the game to be good. Spending as much time as the do playing they supposably have little to go out side or do anything else except play the game. These people will act one of two ways to win the game—encouragement or self-centered. The encouraging way is theyShow MoreRelatedMmorpgs Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesPeople all the world continue to participate in a Massively multiplayer online role-playing games MMORPGs. Wherever gamers stay involved in the role-playing through online video games that utilize, and MMORPG that creates an avatar that has the features that individual select and can play with an enormous number of players that communicate though aviator within a virtual world. The MMORPGs implements tasks and combats that be come continually more difficult, although the prime objective is to advanceRead MoreEssay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying1238 Words   |  5 Pagesplatforms available on the Internet; including massively multiplayer online role playing games such as World of Warcraft. These video games are havens for teenagers to take on a (often times) fantasy character and play as if they were actually them. For participants in massively multiplayer online role playing games, these â€Å"second lives† can be as real to them as their physical real life. It is not uncommon for participants within these games to take their virtual existence more seriously and withRead MoreThe Issues Of Cyber Bullying946 Words   |  4 Pagescommercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some type of discipline between the children involved. Today however, for bullies has dramatically changed and the risk-reward balance has been significantly tilted in favor of the bullies. The Emergence of Technology Today, bullies can simply connect to theRead MoreOnline Computer Games : The University Of Adelaide1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdigital games and online social networking sites. He works in these areas to understand the regulation, governance and institutional forms. He finished the article‘Productive Players: Online Computer Games’ Challenge to Conventional Media Forms’ in 2005, and first time published on the ‘Routledge Taylor Francis Group’ in 2006. The ‘Productive Players: Online Computer Games’ Challenge to Conventional Media Forms.’ (2006), starts by view on the different between the current online game and conventionalRead MoreEssay on Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games Impacting Chess1269 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) Emmanuel Mitchell Prof. Donald G. Moore, Jr., PhD. CIS375: Human Computer Interaction December 16, 2014 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games are played all over the world. These role playing games allow hundreds of thousands of players to compete against each other via the internet in a virtual world. In these virtual worlds the players are also allowed to interactRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1453 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen one of the leading multiple player online-based games on the market for years since its initial release. The game maintains a high level of subscriptions that cost a fixed rate of $15 per month. The game itself once controlled over 50% of the multiple player market shares in 2006 for the western region. Subscriptions have reached more than five million by 2006 and exceeded 10 million subscribers for a 2nd time by the end of 2012. Subscriptions for this game have even exceeded 14 million in yearRead MoreNintendo Switch Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience, it was home to many quality game releases that few played due to the s ystem’s limited install base. Luckily, Nintendo has seen it fit to enhance some Wii U titles and to bring these new and improved versions to the Nintendo Switch. Earlier this year the Switch was graced with the release of Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, and now it has been given the honor to host Pokkà ©n Tournament DX. If you are familiar with the original Pokkà ©n Tournament for Wii U, then you know the game is an excellent Pokà ©mon fighterRead MoreProductive Players : Online Computer Games1397 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Review Humphreys, S. (2005.) â€Å"Productive Players: Online Computer Games’ Challenge to Conventional Media Forms.† Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 2(1), pp. 37-51. The article I am going to review is Productive Players: Online Computer Games’ Challenge to Conventional Media Forms, written by Sal Humphreys in 2005. The journal was published in Journal of Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies and the author is a creative industries researcher who works at the Queensland UniversityRead MoreEssay on The Virtual World: A Social Haven?1370 Words   |  6 PagesFor several decades, video games have been a form of entertainment for people of all races and ages. Video games have evolved from simple console games that plug into your television to massive online multiplayer games. With the expansion of the World Wide Web and computers being in every home, multiplayer online games have dominated the video game culture. Online games are separated by several types of genre ranging from: mass multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG), strategy, first personRead MoreBenefits Of Playing Video Games1421 Words   |  6 PagesOnline gaming h as become a serious problem in the society especially among young adults. This is because, most young adults are now stuck on their computers and internet, playing games all day. This has led to serious gaming problems among such individuals because they have no social life outside of the game world. Playing game, is a good way of having fun and developing one’s cognitive ability. The benefits of playing video games are numerous when done in moderation. â€Å"Playing brain-teasing game

Bacterias Prokaryotes Free Essays

Archaea is considered to be another domain, besides Prokaryotes (which include bacteria) and eukaryotes (which include plants, animals, fungi and protests). Eukaryotes have a well-defined nucleus, membrane cell structure. On the other hand prokaryotes have a well-defined cell wall and contain an irregular nucleus. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacterias Prokaryotes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Archaea was defined in the 1970’s, and it was observed that they survived at high temperatures (above 100 degrees centigrade), pressure or salt concentrations and is known as ‘extremophiles’. They may produce methane gas as part of metabolism. They were found in regions other than which other organisms cannot survive such as geysers, oil wells, deep ocean, hypersaline waters, hot springs, etc, and hence could be helping to maintain the ecological niche. As they can survive only in very high temperatures in which other forms of life cannot exist, they were considred to be absent in the human body. However, scientists are considering that Archaea domain can in fact be present in the human body and can cause disease. Under a normal microscope viewed under standard conditions, Archaea would appear as small dots, as they are inactive at this room conidtions (B. Waggoner B. R. Speers. 1994). With the help of an electron microscope can the Archaea domain can be examined. There are several other techniques of examining the Archaea species. Molecular techniques seem to be very effective in detecting and isolating Archaea as their genetic material can be identified (especially PCR). The presence of lipids present in the Archaea cell can be determined with the help of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Fluorescent in situ hybridization is also utilized in some instances to study the relationship between the genetic material of Archaea and the presence of diseases. Immunological methods such as in situ immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry are being studied as to how they could be utilized in detecting Archaea. They are of limited use as there are some issues with the antigen produced by Archaea (P. B. Eckburg. 2003 E. F. DeLong, 1999). References: B. Waggoner B. R. Speer. â€Å"Introduction to the Archaea, Life’s extremists†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 1994, UCMP. 28 Sep. 2007 http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/archaea/archaea. html B. Waggoner B. R. Speer. â€Å"Archaea: Morphology†, 1994, UCMP. 28 Sep. 2007 http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/archaea/archaeamm. html Edward F. DeLong, Lance Trent Taylor, Terence L. Marsh, and Christina M. Preston. â€Å"Visualization and Enumeration of Marine Planktonic Archaea and Bacteria by Using Polyribonucleotide Probes and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. † Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65. 12 (1999). http://aem. asm. org/cgi/content/abstract/65/12/5554 Paul B. Eckburg, Paul W. Lepp, and David A. Relman. â€Å"Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease. † Infection and Immunity 71. 2 (2003). http://iai. asm. org/cgi/content/full/71/2/591 How to cite Bacterias Prokaryotes, Papers

Advantages of Sole Trader-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Conduct research into the industry and/or product that your client wishes to participate in with respect to the type of business structures that are most prevalent in the Industry. Answer: Introduction: A sole trader is the structure under which individual is responsible to conduct the operations of the business. For example- sole trader is not able to share debts and losses of the business with others, and they enjoy all the profits of the business. This business structure is the simplest and inexpensive form of structure which can be chosen by the individual at the initial stage of the business. Context related to corporation is completely different from sole proprietorship because members of the corporation are the owners and business is managed by the directors (Business, 2017). This report states the advantages, disadvantages, and scope of both the structures that is sole trader and corporation. This report further states whether sole proprietorship is appropriate for Penny Grey or not. Lastly, this paper is concluded with brief conclusion. About sole proprietorship: Generally, Sole proprietorship is the business structure which has no separate existence from its owner, and income and losses of this structure are taxed under the personal income tax return of the individual. This form of business is simple to operate, and under this structure individual is responsible to conduct the operations of the business. Usually, sole proprietorship refers to the individual who is considered as the owner of the business, and such individual is personally liable for the debts of the business. This form of business is operated under the name of the owner of the business, and owner can also conduct the business under fictitious name. It must be noted that such fictitious name does not separate the business from the owner (ALG, n.d.). This form of business is popular because of its low cost, less regulations, easy setup, and simplicity. For the purpose of conducting business under sole proprietorship, individual must register the name and get local license. There is also one disadvantage of this form that is, sole trader is personally liable for all the debts of the firm. Therefore, when sole proprietorship faces financial consequences then creditors file case against the owner of the business. In case creditors won the case then owner is personally liable towards them (ASIC, n.d.). It is clear, that sole proprietorship does not have separate legal entity from its owners, and it has both advantages and disadvantages which are stated below: Advantages of sole trader: It is the simplest form of business, and if individual initiate the operations of the business with his own name then such individual is not under obligation to register the name of the business. Therefore, this form of business is more ideal at the initial stage of the business. Sole trader is the only owner of the business, and controls the operations of the business. There is no obligation on sole trader to take permission of others for taking any decision related to management issue. This business is also simple in the context of tax and accounting. In other words, there is no obligation on business owner to file separate tax return of the business, because all the income of the business is taxed under the personal return of the owner. Owner also gets advantage to deduct the cost of operating the business from the income earned by the business (Business Victoria, n.d.). As compared to other form of business, sole proprietorship is less expensive in nature, and it requires less set up amount. Sole proprietor enjoys the freedom of making the business decisions because he is the only one who is responsible for conducting the operations of the company, and it results in quick decision making process (ATO, n.d.; ATO, 2016). Disadvantages of Sole proprietorship, and how corporates are different from Sole Proprietorship: There are number of advantages of sole proprietorship which makes this business more appealing in nature, but there are some disadvantages also which must be kept in mind while choosing this business. Some of these disadvantages are stated below: The most important disadvantage of this business is that business is not a separate legal entity from its members, which means owner of the business is personally liable for the debts of the business. There is no separation between business assets and personal assets. In other words, creditors can file case against the owner of the business for the debts and liabilities of the business. This disadvantage prevents the owner of the business to take further risk for the expansion and diversification of the business. In Corporations, there is clear separation between the personal assets and business assets of the business, which make the corporation more suitable form of business at the time of expansion and diversification of the business. Section 1.5.1 of the Corporation Act 2001 states that, companies has separate legal existence from its owners. This can be understood through case law Peate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation. In this case Court stated that Company was considered as new legal entity in the eyes of law. As stated, there is no difference between the sole proprietor and its owner, and after the death of the owner there is no one who conducts the operations of the business, which means with the end of the owner business also ends. However, in some cases owner make the future plan and hier representative who continue the operations of the business. On the other hand in corporations, business enjoys the perpetual existence, which means that business does not end with the death of the owner. This can be understood through case law Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561. In this case, both shareholder and director died but still existence of company is continued. Corporations have number of ways to raise money for the purpose of conducting operations of the business, and the easiest way available to them is to issue shares. This means corporations offer partial ownership of the company in exchange of money, and such money can be used to expand the business. On the other hand, sole trader does not have shares to offer and they are not able to sell the ownership of the company. Sole proprietorship is able to raise money like other business structures. It must be noted that there is no separation between the personal assets and business assets and because of this owner mortgage their personal property for the purpose of getting loan. In case business of the company fails, and owner does not have enough money to pay the loan then lender has right to take the personal assets of the owner (Business, 2017). In the present case, penny Grey wants to expand her business and expansion of business required funds. Therefore it is more beneficial for her to choose corporate rather than sole proprietorship. The other disadvantage of sole proprietorship is less capital, which means that sole trader is not able to arrange large amount of money for the purpose of conducting the business operations of the company. Sole proprietorship does not have enough investors who invest money in the idea of the owner. On the other hand, corporations can easily raise high amount of capital because there are number of investors who can raise money for the business. If Penny Grey chooses corporate as business structure then it becomes simple for her to arrange capital through investors or by selling the shares of the company. Sole trader is the only individual who makes the decisions of the business, but it has some disadvantages also such as lack of experts advice. In this form of business, owner is the only person who is responsible for all his decisions. For the purpose of expanding the business, Penny required advice of experts and support for making the decisions. If she holds sole proprietorship, it is not possible for her to get support in decision making process. After considering above advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that sole proprietorship is better for initial stage of the business, but this structure is not appropriate when preferences of the owner changed. In case, owner of the business wants to expand the business then they must consider other options too (SMH, 2007). Corporation: There are number of factors which influence various aspects of business, and it includes how profit and liability are divided, payment related to taxes, and who controls the business. If owner wants to expand the business, then it is beneficial for owner to choose corporation instead of partnership or sole proprietorship. Some factors are stated below which help the owner to decide the appropriate structure for the purpose of expanding their business. Business can be restructured for the purpose of meeting the financial goals and other objectives also. Owner must choose that structure which improves the profitability and cash flow of the business and for this purpose corporation is more suitable option. Business can be restructured when it becomes necessary to reorganize the internal functions of the business. For example-sales and marketing, for the purpose of improving the operations of their business. Owner can also restructure their business when they decide to diversify or expand their business. Such as, when they decide to expand their business overseas or decide to expand the functions related to products and services. Therefore, this change is necessary for ensuring growth and for this change corporation is the most suitable form of structure. As stated in the present case, Penny Grey runs business of outdoor fitness as a sole trader, and she managed this business with the help of young family members. Now, she wants to expand her business, and for this purpose she needs advice. As stated above, sole proprietorship is the structure which suits at the initial stage of the business, but it is not appropriate at the time of expansion of business. Therefore, it is advisable to Mrs. Penny Grey that she can adopt corporation structure for conducting the operations of their business. Shareholders are the owners of the corporation, who get advantage from the profits earned by the company. On the other hand, sole proprietorship is owned by one person only who gets all the profits of the business, and also responsible for all the losses of the business. Corporation is considered as most complex structure of business and it has number of set-up regulations, but this form of structure offers high number of rewards as compared to other form of structures. Protection from liability- the biggest benefit provided by corporation is protection against liability, which is not offered by other forms of business. Corporation is considered as separate legal entity, and law separates the business assets and personal assets in this form of structure. In this, there is no risk on the personal assets of shareholders if company fails to pay the liability of the creditors. This can be understood through case law Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. In this case, Court stated that corporate was separate legal entity from its owners. In case of sole proprietorship and partnership, owners of the business are liable for the debts of the business and their personal assets are also at risk (Business, 2017). Therefore, Penny can choose this structure because it reduces the risk of liability in case company incurred losses. Penny can secure her personal assets by choosing corporation structure and expand her business with less or minimum risk. Raising funds- as compared to other form of structures, corporations can easily raise the funds for the purpose of conducting projects and operations. There are number of ways through which corporations can raise funds such as corporations can sell their ownership in part, raise loans by mortgaging the assets of the business, other investors, etc.. This can be understood through case law Trust Company of Australia Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2007] VSC 451. As stated above, for business expansion Penny required funds on different stages of business, and for this purpose she can also sell the partly ownership of her company. In corporations, it is easy to transfer the interest in ownership to the third parties, and it does not affect the continuance operations of the business. In case of sole proprietorship and partnership it is not easy to sell the complete business, because it directly affects the operations of the firm. Not only assets are transferred but licenses and permits are also transferred which makes this task more difficult. Tax Benefits- there are number of benefits in context of tax are available to corporations, but these benefits are not available to sole proprietorship and partnership. Tax returns of corporations are not clubbed with the returns of shareholders, both shareholders and corporations files separate tax returns. Shareholders pay taxes on salaries, dividends, and bonus earned by them from the corporation (Business, 2017). Penny is not liable to pay tax on the profits earned by the company, and she is only liable to pay tax on her income only Conclusion: This report contains detailed discussion related to sole proprietorship and other alternatives for Penny Grey for the purpose of expanding their business of outdoor fitness. Sole proprietorship is the structure which suits at the initial stage of the business, but it is not appropriate at the time of expansion of business. After considering the comparison between corporation and sole trader, it is clear that corporation is better for expanding the business almost in every way. Therefore, it is advisable to Mrs. Penny Grey that she can adopt corporation structure for conducting the operations of their business. References: ALG. Business Structures. Available at: https://www.shopify.in/guides/australia/business-structures. Available at 17th August 2017. ASIC. Choosing a business structure. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/your-business-structure/. Available at 17th August 2017. ATO, (2016). Choosing your business structure. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Starting-your-own-business/Before-you-get-started/Choosing-your-business-structure/. Available at 17th August 2017. ATO, (2016). Sole Trader. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/business/starting-your-own-business/before-you-get-started/choosing-your-business-structure/sole-trader/. Available at 17th August 2017. Business Victoria. Sole trader. Available at: https://www.business.vic.gov.au/setting-up-a-business/business-structure/sole-trader. Available at 17th August 2017. Business, (2017). Company. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/business-structures-and-types/company. Available at 17th August 2017. Business, (2017). What are the set-up steps and costs. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/change-business-structure/sole-trader-to-a-company/difference-between-a-sole-trader-and-a-company/what-are-the-set-up-steps-and-costs. Available at 17th August 2017. Business. (2017). Business structure. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure. Available at 17th August 2017. Peate v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1964) 111 CLR 44. Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561 Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. Trust Company of Australia Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2007] VSC 451. SMH, (2007). Advantages and disadvantages of operating as a sole trader. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/small-business/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-operating-as-a-sole-trader-20090619-cpvm.html. Available at 17th August 2017.

Rei Data Warehousing Research Paper Example

Rei Data Warehousing Paper 1. What is a data warehouse and why is REI building one? A data warehouse can be described as a â€Å"database that stores current and historical data of potential interest to decision makers throughout a company. The data originate in many core operational transaction systems, such as systems for sales, customer accounts, and manufacturing, and may include data from Web site transactions. 1† REI is building a data warehouse to improve the company and to meet the needs of the customers. REI’s data warehouse will allow the company to view current and past data on sales, products, and customer information. The data warehouse will allow for the company to get to know the customers better and help in seeing which products are selling. The data warehouse will allow REI to become closer to the consumer and tailor goods to the needs of the consumer. 2. What are some of the disadvantages of consumer cooperatives compared to ‘traditional firms’? Consumer cooperatives have some disadvantages in comparison to traditional firms. Consumer cooperatives require a high level of organization. Because the consumers are helping to make many decisions there are more legal responsibilities for the company. The company must listen to the consumers and also provide rules that the consumer cooperative must follow as a whole. While it is great for the consumers to be so involved, traditional firms have less of a hassle and don’t need to take so many extra steps when making decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Rei Data Warehousing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rei Data Warehousing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rei Data Warehousing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 3. Describe some of the marketing strategies that REI’s data warehouse will allow them to use. Would these have been possible before the data warehouse was built? REI’s data warehouse will allow them to create more marketing strategies, specifically on their online shopping Website. With the use of the data warehouse, REI’s website will be able to recognize customers when they log on to the Website. By doing this, REI can tailor products or information to the customer each time they log on. If REI knows, â€Å"for example, that the member lives in Seattle and likes to hike, then REI can make recommendations about trails in the area. And they can suggest local environmental stewardship activities such as an REI-hosted trail maintenance project on National Trails Day. 2† Understanding customers in this way would probably not be possible without the data warehouse. The data warehouse is able to store all of this information about a customer and then allow REI to make the recommendations. The data warehouse is a vital part of this customer relationship that REI is trying to create. 4. What are some of the risks or concerns surrounding the creation of a data warehouse? There are definitely some risks and concerns surrounding the creation of a data warehouse. One risk would be security. Creating a data warehouse with customer information or credit card information needs to be protected. Any type of computer holding this data could be hacked into, so measures need to be taken to protect the data on various levels. Also, creating a data warehouse poses risk for employees simply having resistance. The employees who use the data will need to understand how the data is stored and how to use it properly. REI has probably used a method that the employees are trained on and are comfortable with. Employees will need to be willing to learn about the new data warehouse and how to properly use the data to create success. 5. Why do you think REI chose to work with IBM’s data warehouse technology? I think IBM is a well-known company that has experience and is willing to try new things. IBM worked very closely with REI to master the creation of a unique data warehouse that fits the needs and wants of REI’s vision. Some companies wouldn’t take the time to do that, but IBM was dedicated at helping REI achieve its goal. I think REI ultimately chose IBM because they knew it was the kind of company that truly cared and would deliver an excellent solution. Footnotes 1. Laudon, J. P. Laudon, K. C. (2010). Essentials of Management Information Systems. Page 170. 2. REI. Retrieved March 22, 2011 from the World Wide Web: http://www-01. ibm. com/software/info/ Television/html/F759128C6694J62. html

A Silent Angel †Short Story

A Silent Angel – Short Story Free Online Research Papers My memory is like the treasured, antique chest which sits locked in the attic untouched, just holding my life’s story. It is a collection of dreams and endeavors. It’s an album filled with snapshots of the people and places I once knew. The early pages are wrinkled with age; but through a single flashback or reminiscing moment, I am transported back to that instant in time. Not every memory is a pleasant one, there are some I wish I could forget, but in all truthfulness, â€Å"life is like a storm. You could be basking in the sunlight for a second, and be shattered upon the rocks the next.† Trial and error brings about strength, and victory comes after you’ve survived the storm and realize that you’re still standing. I often think about the day April 8, 1997, or at least what I remember about it. That was the day I lost my grandmother, not to the angel of death, but rather to her own demon of limitation. It had been a warm spring day, but as quickly as the coolness of the evening set in, so did the sun’s rays disappear. It was always a joy to visit Edmonton; my grandparents, aunt, uncle, and cousins lived there and still do to this day. Traveling was such a habit that Edmonton became a home to me. I forget what we had been in town for that week; perhaps Easter had come early, or maybe it was nothing more than a traditional visit. I believe that somehow, God had summoned us home, knowing that our presence, support, and love would be needed, especially by my grandpa. Just following dinner that evening, my cousins, sisters, and I decided to resume the football game we had started earlier that afternoon. One of the neighborhood boys, Troy I think his name was, had come over to my grandparent’s house to play too. I’m sure he felt an overwhelming desire to display what amazing athletic ability he had to a yard full of seven girls, ranging in age. My mom, grandparents , aunt, and uncle were inside the house cleaning the dinner mess that the girls and I had made in our race to satisfy our hunger. I remember my father’s absence; he was in Australia at the time, away on business. It had gotten chilly outside so I went in the house to retrieve my warmer jacket. I stepped in the backdoor and was instantly met by my mother, who was on the phone at the time. She had a panic-stricken look on her face, her eyes wide with fear. The words she spoke into the receiver left me unable to breathe. â€Å"My mom has fallen to the floor†, was all I heard her say before she physically herded me out the door. I stood on the porch for a moment trying to gather my thoughts and interpret what I had just heard. I knew something serious had happened; I had never seen that indescribable look of apprehension on my mom’s face. I ran as fast as I possibly could over to where my cousins and sisters played, completely ignorant of the situation at hand. I gasped for air and tried to explain what little I knew. â€Å"Grandma’s on the floor! Grandma’s on the floor!† I remember trying to shout. Apparently everyone understood my words through my panting; without hesitation we ran to the backdoor, where I had just come. It was locked. Wasting no time knocking, we climbed on the picnic table which was conveniently placed on the porch, just outside the kitchen window. We tried to peak through the drawn blinds. Why didn’t anyone want us to know what was going on? What came next would haunt all of us forever; it was the dreaded sound of sirens that confirmed how critical grandma’s condition was. The next five minutes were a total blur; my mind had gone into shock and my body had numbed itself. I guess the ambulance had gotten to the house in a quick fashion because the next thing I remember is turning around and catching sight of my beloved grandmother, eyes closed, lying motionless on a stretcher. I instantly felt as paralyzed as she had become. My eyes began to swell with tears, and with a single blink, they began spilling down the course of my face. My grandpa clambered into the back of the ambulance and assisted the paramedics with the lifting of the stretcher. I am sure the drama at 1008 Sherwood caused the naturally more introverted neighbors to come out of hiding; although I was too preoccupied to notice. As soon as the ambulance and its flashing, blood-red lights disappeared from my sight, my whole body began to shake. My mom and her brother Scott, my uncle, took a car and followed immediately behind my grandparents to the old Hospital not more than five miles away. At this point, my Aunt Mary directed all seven, grandchildren into the house; there was nothing else to do. Now eight years later, I feel some pity for my aunt. She had the job of calming seven wailing girls and me. I applaud her effort. She offered us everything from leftover lemon cake to popsicles- anything to stop our hysterical sobbing. We settled fo r popsicles, but although our crying stopped, we were relentless with our questions, questions to which she had no answers. That night, Mary made a bed for all of us on the living room floor and we fell asleep watching Disney’s, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. This is the point at which I can no longer tell the story from what I remember, but rather by what my mom has told me. My story shifts from my experience to hers. She was where it all happened, with my grandpa through every waking moment of this traumatic ordeal. She was in the emergency room surrounded by the cruel truths and harsh realities of a stroke. My Grandma, had been diagnosed. She had suffered a massive stroke in her brain stem. Forever she would be severely paralyzed, but tonight, that was the least of anyone’s worries. The doctors had somehow summed up her condition into a mathematical percentage. She had a twelve percent chance of making it through the night. Upon hearing this news, my grandpa collapsed in the emergency waiting room, yet my mother said the tears didn’t come. Similarly, he too was in shock. After waiting around the hospital for two, elongated and agonizing hours, the Hoffman party of three was finally able to see my Grandma who had been moved to the ICU. My mom said that seeing her was more frightening than anything else she had ever experienced. She told me, several years later, that it had been difficult to even recognize her own mother’s face; Grandma had looked alien with all the tubes and machines hooked up to her. My mom noticed that the nurses had hooked a plastic bag up to G randma as she was excreting all her bodily fluids- a sign of death. Worst of all, was that Grandma had postured. Her hands and feet were twisted outwardly, in a way that confirmed significant brain damage had been done. Around 11:30, the doctors suggested to my grandpa, that he, my mom, and my uncle, go home. There was nothing left to do at the hospital but wait. The doctors said that they would call, my grandfather, if anything regarding Grandma’s condition changed- which they had predicted as likely. Obviously, sleep was not in the realm of possibilities for any adult that night. Grandpa came home, accompanied by my mom and my uncle; they found Mary in the living room, quietly playing Solitaire while we slept. Relaying the facts back to her took a few short moments. Afterwards, my mom proceeded to call my dad, the only member of the family still unknowing about what had happened. He promised to be aboard the next flight from Sydney to Edmonton. Now, there really wasn’t anything left to do but wait. Mary, Scott, my mom, and my grandpa waited for that anticipated phone call; the one that would begin the process of funeral arranging. Back at the house, it was finally quiet enough to sit in silence. The thoughts they had abandoned for hours began to consume their minds; and their emotions washed over them like a tidal wave that crashes on the shore. The minutes passed by with uncertainty; every second seemed to drag on for an eternity. They waited until six, until dawn crept over the surrounding mountains and a sliver of the sun’s light waded down into Edmonton. My mom and my grandpa departed for the Hospital despite their fatigue. After getting there they realized that nothing had changed; she hadn’t gotten better; but, she had lived. Her story inspires me every time I tell it. Despite the tragedy of the tale, it is unequivocally, an absolute success story. My grandmother wasn’t ready for her life’s story to end- heaven would just have to wait. For eight years we kept our grandmother close to our hearts. She stayed in the comfort of her own home- the only place she knew- surrounded by people who loved her profusely. Despite the physical confinements her stroke had enforced upon her body, my grandmother was extremely intact mentally. It was like her mind and spirit were trapped inside a broken body that no longer was hers; she was a prisoner. Unfortunately, many of her grandchildren, including me to some extent, did not know her any other way. Yes, it’s true. I do not remember my grandma rocking me, teaching me how to sew, or practicing her patience when I burned a batch of cookies, but I don’t regret that. She was special; and she was ours. With her handicap, I learned to appreciate so many of life’s simple pleasures that we shared together. I would see her sitting alone in her wheelchair, isolated from everyone else. Compassion flowed into my heart as I sat beside her and gently entwined my fingers i n hers. Her grip was loose at first, her fingers were warm and her skin soft and wrinkly- just as a grandmother’s should be. As the seconds would pass by, I could begin to feel her grip tighten; she hung on to my hand as if it was her own individual way of expressing how much she loved me. With her, it always seemed as though she had a myriad of emotions and thoughts gathered inside and what she needed was an outlet or friend to understand. For eight years her smile was seen every time the family was together, at Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving, and birthdays. We watched her suffer selflessly, silently, with dignity and grace. I don’t believe anyone actually knew how much of a comfort it was to have her in our presence- even if she couldn’t say much. We wouldn’t know until the day God called her home. The day her soul departed for the clouds and her misery and anguish was over. â€Å"The End† had finally come. ~ ~ ~ The morning of June 6th, 2005 came early for my family- the rooster had not yet crowed. We were all asleep. Unconsciously, we waited for the delicate sound of our alarm clocks to wake us, indicating the beginning of another school day. I awoke unexpectedly to the ringing of the telephone and then to a mumbled, fairly inaudible message over our answering machine. The words were difficult to understand but the voice was unmistakably my grandfather’s. Seconds later, my mom rose out of bed and rushed downstairs. She played the recorded message twice before she could comprehend what grandpa said. â€Å"Sherri, it’s Dad. Um†¦gimme’ a call.† Said in a low, meek, and dismal tone, my mom immediately anticipated the worst and tiny beads of sweat emerged from her brow. Her fingers slipped as she tried dialing so she tried again. First, the numbers 1-780- Edmontons area code for long distance phone calls- followed by the seven numbers that composed my grandpaâ €™s home phone number. He answered. Somehow knowing it was her he said only, â€Å"I lost her Sherri, I’m so sorry.† Breaking down, he handed the phone to Scott, who was also standing there. Scott explained what had happened. Grandma had been coughing a great deal the night before and grandpa had contemplated taking her in. However, he had decided to wait and check on her in the morning. Little did he know that her eyes would never dilate to the day’s light again. At four o’clock he had awoken to check on her before returning to his dreams. Three hours later, grandpa found grandma lying in bed next to him, just as she did every night, but this morning something was not right. Her skin was white and cold to the touch and her non-existent breathing, soundless. And that was it. Within four hours our family was in Edmonton. Over the next day, relatives came from all over Alberta, Saskatchewan, and even Texas to be there for the final â€Å"farewell† to Grandma Fran. Her funeral was the most heartbreaking yet most joyful commemoration I have ever been to. Tears fell from people’s eyes as liberally as raindrops fall from the sky. I was in such an indescribable state of pain during the funeral, but now, I can smile. She is in a better place; her suffering is over and now she waits until the end of my days when I shall see her once again. I miss my grandmother dearly but she has left her legacy here for all of us to remember. I and everyone else who had the privilege of knowing her as, Fran Hoffman, â€Å"a silent angel†, will always remember her. Research Papers on A Silent Angel - Short StoryThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Hockey Game19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized Testing

Analysis of Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of - Article Example People are very familiar with the identification of ordinary things or smells because of their familiarity. They are in constant touch with them, hence able to identify them. The familiarity of common substances also makes it easy for English speaking to identify them without having trouble. However, it becomes difficult when one is presented with unfamiliar content, not common to the culture where one belongs. This is so because our senses are unable to recall since there is less interaction with the objects. The above concept was proved when the research team presented what ought to be familiar to Americans, they gave terrible naming to them, and the majority did not have an idea. Contrarily, there was a positive result in the Jahai, rain forest as the foragers were familiar with scratch-and-sniff cards. They were also as good at smelling as seeing. This proved the central subject that cultures dictate individual’s senses. Therefore, it is clear that culture plays a significant role in determining individual’s sensory awareness. What people keep in touch most of the time sticks in their memory to shape them. Moreover, people are unable to identify smells they are unfamiliar with since they do not associate with their

Art History through the 19th Century (Final Compare and Contrast Term Essay

Art History through the 19th Century (Final Compare and Contrast Term Paper) - Essay Example He was born in Flanders. Rubens was raised Catholic, which was reflected in many of his paintings (Belkins, 11). The environment Rubens grew up with a Calvinist father and mother. Since Rubens father was away at King William of Orange I, his mother taught him to be a Catholic after moving to Antwerp (Belkins, 16). The anti-Protestant environment in Flanders caused this move. After studying under Titan, Rubens really came into his own. His sublime portraits dealt with the ugly subjects many would not touch. In comparison, Delacroix was a French Romantic painter. He was trained as a classical painter at the time. After visiting England, Delacroix started illustrating different works of writing. His clients included Shakespeare and Lord Byron. Both Rubens and Delacroix were affected by royal courts. Rubens was affected by William of Orange I and Delacroix was affection by the Neapolitan royal courts. Delacroix was influenced by Rubens artwork. Since Ruben was a Baroque painter, his paintings including Allegory of the Outbreak of War, is an emotional religious generated piece of art. Since being a Catholic, Ruben’s paintings had symbolism of right and wrong. Even though it might seem blasphemous to paint pictures of ancient gods, but the painting was an allegory. Since it was popular under the Catholic Medici’s to create works under the Baroque styles, Ruben fulfilled this goal with most of his work. Delacroix, on the other hand, was a painter from the Romantic era, which means Death of Sardanapalus was in that style. The painting was based on a work by Lord Byron. The sublime content of the painting was typical of the Romanticism style. The nationalism of Sardanapalus killing himself for losing in a military battle is also a factor in a Romanticism painting. Monsters, a broken lute, Mars’ feet on a book, and the women all have sorrowful looks and torn veils, all signify the horrors of war (Cooper). The allegory

Weekly Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly Journal - Essay Example My moral voice acts as my inner voice that judges my behavior and motivation that is based on ideas that are either right or even wrong. There is time I encountered a moral disagreement regarding the issue of diversity in the country. Considering the diversity in ethnicities currently seen in America, I once encountered an individual from another ethnicity in a mall. Considering that this individual was from a dominant ethnicity, he started looking down on me considering that I am from a totally different ethnic from his. Initially, I felt like punching him so hard that he could never make such irritating comments to any individuals ever again. However, my moral voice made me hesitate. This inner voice made me realize that I could get myself into so much trouble by not restraining myself and containing my anger. Thus, this conflict was a good one because I was able to restrain myself and avoided getting into trouble with the law. Instead, I engaged the individual into a mature communication and made him understand that every individual is equal before God. I made him realize that the labels that human beings give are the only ones that worsen the racial situation in the country (Gilligan, 2009). At the end of it all, we shook hands and he even offered to pay for the items that I had picked in the

How Successful are Pap Smears?

How Successful are Pap Smears? How successful are pap smears in detecting cervical and uterine cancers? George Nicholas Papanicolaou established the Pap smear in the 18th century when he became intrigued by the guinea pigs vaginal smears as he was studying them. He quickly began to start his research on the female reproductive system, most specifically the different cytology slides he could obtain. His stake in the field was his book published in 1943, â€Å"Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by Vaginal Smear.† It covered topics like physiological changes of a menstrual cycle, the hormones incorporated, and vaginal smears that led to his classifications of disease and malignancies. This jump started the screening for cervical cancer and can attest to a significant decline in cases of cervical cancer. Later, he published another book specific to just distinguishing between healthy and diseased tissue throughout the entire body. These two publications were just two of the four he finished in his life on top of awards and honorary degrees. (Tan, 2015) Papanicolaou was certainly a huge help in the advancement of cytology reporting. Since then, we have been able to learn and understand more about pap smears, cervical cancer and the role pap smears plays in diagnosing them. Although both cancers begin in the same area, the uterus; we can differentiate them by their pathophysiology’s. The question really stands, how successful are pap smears in detecting these cancers? This can be argued on a few bases, but sticking to the facts we can find out how successful they are, how they can be preventive, and what to expect if a woman does find herself diagnosed. Several factors can be taken into account such as the pathogenesis, level of disease, the manifestations, precipitating factors, and several more. Uterine and Cervical cancers both come with their own etiologies, epidemiology’s and prognosis. There are a few different ways to screen for cervical cancer, and this will look directly into the Pap smear procedure. The Pap smear allows for a better look into the cells in the cervix, the opening of the uterus. The test is looking for cancerous and abnormal cells that could lead to cancerous outcomes. In the test an obstetrician- gynecologist will scrape away a portion of cervix cells. The use of a speculum helps the doctor keep the walls of the cervix open to have a clear view and retrieve a good sample. The specimen will then be tested in a controlled laboratory setting where a technician will observe for abnormalities. An official cytology report will be sent to the doctor and then given back to the patient for further counsel if needed. Results will be abnormal or negative (normal). Several sources believe the Pap smear to be very accurate in the screening of cervical cancer. It also is a very preventive measure to take, as long as the patient is compliant with the doctor’s guidelines. By detecting cervical cancer early, treatment can begin to decrease the risk of spreading and growth of the tumors. Pap smears have been estimated to reduce cervical cancer rates and mortality by 80%. (Weber, 2017) In comparison, up to 80% of women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer have not received a pap smear in the past 5 years. (Stà ¶ppler) CIN or, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition of abnormal cell growth on the cervix. Intraepithelial means that the abnormal cells are growing on the surface or the epithelial tissue of the cervix. Neoplasia is referring to the growth of new cells. Signs and symptoms can be obvious but can also resemble several conditions that females could encounter. These symptoms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sexual intercourse, pelvic pain, discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse. (Stà ¶ppler) It is recommended that women start getting pap smears at the age or 21. This is most important if you are HIV positive or have a weakened immune system. (Weber, 2017)   These screenings should continue from ages 21 to 29 with cytology alone every 3 years. From ages 30-65, women should continue cytology screening every three years and add HPV testing. After 65 no screening is necessary as long past screenings are normal and no high risk is present. (Boardman, 2018) Over the years professionals have found it difficult to all be on the same page about reporting. Some levels of abnormal results can include atypia, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. The creation of the Bethesda System has given one reporting system for all health care professionals. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute held a conference for the creation of this system, it was then re-evaluated in 2001. There are four major classifications that make it easier for this universal system to work. â€Å"ASC-US: This abbreviation stands for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. LSIL: This abbreviation stands for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Under the old system of classification, this category was called CIN grade I. HSIL: This abbreviation stands for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Under the old system of classification, this category was called CIN grade II, CIN grade III, or CIS. ASC-H: This means atypical cells are present and HSIL cannot be excluded.† (Stà ¶ppler) CIN cases are most always caused by infection with oncogenic types of HPV or, Human Papillomavirus.   There are 12 known types of high risk HPV, which are the most prevalent associations with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer results from a genital infection with HPV, a known human carcinogen. Because most HPV infections are transient or, passing in and out of existence in a patient, it causes only temporary changes in cervical cells. (National Cancer Institute, 2014)   About 90% of HPV infections clear on their own within months to years with no sequelae. (Boardman, 2108) This makes it difficult to catch the HPV infection and in turn cervical cancer. Too frequent of screenings might be problematic for several reasons. One being that treating these abnormalities thinking it was HPV but that went away anyways would cause unnecessary stress on the patient. Also, putting strain on the cervix several times in any period of time can weaken the tissue and could ultimately affect the woman’s fertility. Interestingly enough, it can take up to 20 years for a persistent infection with a high risk HPV to become cancerous. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) Low risk HPV infections rarely or almost never cause cervical cancer. (Boardman, 2018) However if lesions are found and not treated, they are more than likely to turn into cervical cancer. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) There are different levels of cervical cancer that decipher the progression on epithelial tissue. CIN grade 1 is low grade neoplasia involves around one-third of the thickness of the epithelium. CIN 2 refers to the abnormal changes in about one to two-thirds of the layer. CIN 3 is the most severe affecting over two-thirds of the epithelium. 5% of HPV infected patients will acquire CIN grade 2 or 3 lesions with three years of infection. Only 20% of CIN 3 lesions progress to invasive cervical cancer within 5 years. Only 40% of CIN 3 lesions progress to invasive cervical cancer within 30 years. Genetics can also play a role in a woman’s development of cervical cancer; genetic connection holds fewer than only 1% of cervical cancers. â€Å"Women who have an affected first degree biological relative have a two fold relative risk of developing a cervical tumor compared with women who have a nonbiologic first degree relative with a cervical tumor.† Some specific genetic factors have been shown to be in association. The tumor necrosis factor is involved with cell apoptosis and a high incidence of cervical cancer. Polymorphisms, another gene dealing with apoptosis, have been linked to the increased rate of HPV and in turn, cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer related morbidity in developing countries, but is very uncommon in the United States. â€Å"Since 2004 rates have decreased by 2.1% per year in women younger than 50 years and by 3.1 per year in women 50 years of age and older. ACS reports 12,170 new cases of cervical cancer would be diagnosed in 2012.† Age related demographics from 2004-2006 were highest among women from 50-79. But cervical cancer is possible to be present in any sexually active woman. In terms of race, cervical cancer rates per 100,000 women in the US from 2005-2009 are across the board: Hispanic 11.8, African American 9.8, American Indian/ Alaska Native 8.1, White 8.0 and Asian/ Pacific Islander 7.2. Internationally, 500,000 women are diagnosed every year. Prognosis for cervical cancer is very good, especially when caught early. 5 year survival rates: Stage 1 greater than 90%, Stage 2 60-80%, Stage 3 approximately 50%, and stage 4 less than 30%. Treatment for this type of cancer is usually dependent on age, fertility or pregnancy plans. One procedure, LEEP, the loop electrosurgical excision procedure carries an electrical current through a wire to remove abnormal tissue. Cryotherapy freezes the abnormal tissue. Laser therapy uses a beam of light to remove or even destroy the cells. Conization can also be used with a knife and laser. (Boardman, 2018) In severe cases removal of the uterus, hysterectomy is sometimes necessary. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery can sometimes be performed in other extreme cases. However like any screening test there is always a risk of inaccuracy in false negatives and false positives. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) In some cases a pap smear can be faulty and must be reported in an official capacity. Some examples of this could be â€Å"drying artifact’ or â€Å"excessive blood.† The person reading the smear could feel these are factors that affect the reading. Inflammation can also be a problem in a Pap smear reading. Inflammation can be from infection or irritation. (Stà ¶ppler) Uterine cancer is defined as the any invasive neoplasm of the uterine corpus and is the most common pelvic gynecological malignancy in the United States. Uterine cancer can also be labeled endometrial cancer. The most common type of uterine cancer specifically is endometrioid adenocarcinomas. (Chiang, 2017) It is believed to have two forms; type 1 or estrogen dependent and type 2, which is estrogen independent. (Holman 2012) Uterine cancer can start in small areas or â€Å"a diffuse multifocal pattern.† Health care professionals can usually diagnose this type of cancer by the spreading pattern of the tumor. Usually the tumor will grow from the original location. This can tell the doctor how far along the cancer is. Later tumor growth is seen through myometrial invasion and movement towards the cervix. The cancer itself can take four different routes to spread outside the uterus. Direct or local extends beyond the uterus. Lymphatic, referring to exposure to the pelvic, para-aortic, and sometimes the lymph nodes. Hematologic goes further reaching the lungs, liver, and bone metastatically. Lastly, â€Å"peritoneal/ transtubular spread results in intraperitoneal implants. Staging of Uterine cancer, like most cancers, will depend on the amount of growth and spreading of the tumors. Clinical stage 1, which is the most common for patients, is strict to the uterus. Stage 2 involves a large amount of the cervix. Stage 3 â€Å" vaginal extension, adnexal mass, and/or suspicious retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy.† Stage 4 accesses the bowel and bladder and some other metastases around the body. Although pap smears are prominent for cervical cancer findings, it is not as helpful in uterine cancer. According to my findings, there are actually no screening regimens for asymptomatic women. The only screening mentioned is a transvaginal ultrasound, which â€Å"determines the thickness in postmenopausal women.† In the suspicion of abnormalities, biopsies can be taken. Uterine cancer usually includes both surgery and radiotherapy. Other treatments follow a hormone regimen. Other forms can use estrogen replacement therapy and Tamoxifen, which is usually used for breast cancer but can be used on endometrium tissue as well. (Holman 2012) Because of the early representation of the cancer, treatment is usually successful and most do not progress past stage 1. Recurrences can happen and usually do within 3 years of the original diagnoses, which occurs in half of patients. (Holman 2012)(Uterine Cancer) Symptoms of uterine cancer can range from genital discharge, pain, weight loss, and change in bladder or bowel movements. However, postmenopausal bleeding is said to diagnose up to 90% of endometrial cancers. Another clinical finding would be glandular cells from a pap smear on a postmenopausal woman. Some risk factors are obesity, nulliparity, and late menopause. Diabetes and hypertension are also conditions that. Less than 5% of this cancer is actually diagnosed when the woman is asymptomatic can increase the risk of uterine cancer. (Uterine Cancer) Most of the patients diagnosed with uterine cancer are obese, which can affect estrogen levels. (Holman 2012) Over 50,000 cases of uterine cancer are diagnosed each year, leading up to 10,000 deaths per year. In women alone, it leads to 4% of deaths related to cancer. 70-75% of cases are diagnosed at stage 1. In 2009, the survival rate for uterine cancer was 83.1%. (Chiang, 2017) A large majority of the population diagnosed are postmenopausal and ages 50-65, average age of 61. White women have the largest risk of uterine cancer in the United States compared to African American, Asian and Hispanic women. However, African American women have a larger rate of death. Interestingly, those women living in Asia or Africa have a much smaller rate of uterine cancer than Asian and African American women in the United States. Smoking actually has been shown to decrease your chance of endometrial cancer. The use of contraceptive pills has also been said to be a protective measure for women. (Holman 2012) In conclusion, Pap Smears can be resourceful ways of detecting cervical cancer but not at large uterine cancers. Pap smears are a great screening method for obstetrician- gynecologists and their patients to catch and prevent cervical cancer. By detecting cervical cancer early, prognosis is very good and very likely in most cases. These quick diagnoses from pap smears and other sources has made cervical cancer a very uncommon cancer related death for women in the United States. Unfortunately for developing countries, lack of medical resources and research has made discovering cervical cancer difficult and fatal. With the Bethesda System doctors from all over can classify cervical cancer the same way. Pap smears are very accurate, but like any screening procedure there is always the risk of false negatives or false positives. Although Pap smears haven’t been shown totally reliable to detect uterine cancer, there are several other methods to find uterine cancer. The most obvious can be the presence of postmenopausal bleeding in women, which diagnoses most of the cases. Transvaginal ultra sound can be used to determine the state of the woman’s uterine tissue. These and a few others have been said to be more reliable than Pap smears. Counterpart to ruling out Pap smear findings, one source does tell that if glandular cells are present than it might be uterine cancer. Like cervical cancer, uterine cancer is most always found in early stages or stage 1 to be exact. This early detection makes it only 4% of cancer related deaths in women. In doing my research it was clear to me that Pap smears are in fact helpful in detecting cervical cancer but not as much in uterine cancer. I only found one source that mentioned findings from a Pap smear for uterine cancer. This was entirely interesting to me because they are in very similar areas of the woman’s reproductive system. In doing more research, it makes sense that a pap smear rarely diagnoses uterine cancer because it starts inside the uterus. The cervix being much lower and away from the uterus makes it easier to obtain cells and much more reliable. Finding cervical cancer can be much more direct and easily obtained. Getting to the uterus safely is much more difficult. In further research I believe it would be interesting to look further into minimally invasive ways to detect uterine cancer. Another topic is using the any findings from a Pap smear in detecting cervical cancer to relate to prevention of uterine cancer. Lastly, the result of cervical and uterine cancer on future pregnancy or on currently pregnant women. Works Cited â€Å"Uterine Cancer.† Uterine Cancer, www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Uterine%20Cancer/index.htm. Boardman, Cecelia. â€Å"Cervical Cancer.† Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology, 26 Jan. 2018, emedicine.medscape.com/article/253513-overview. Chiang, Jing. â€Å"Uterine Cancer.† Background, History of the Procedure, Epidemiology, 6 Dec. 2017, emedicine.medscape.com/article/258148-overviewuterine cancer. Holman , Laura. â€Å"The Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer.† The Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer, 2012, www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/The%20Epidemiology%20of%20Endometrial%20Cancer/item/236. Stà ¶ppler, Melissa Conrad. â€Å"Pap Smear: Facts About the Procedure, Pain & Guidelines.†MedicineNet, www.medicinenet.com/pap_smear/article.htm#what_is_a_pap_smear_procedure. Tan, Siang Yong, and Yvonne Tatsumura. â€Å"George Papanicolaou (1883–1962): Discoverer of the Pap Smear.† Singapore Medical Journal, Singapore Medical Association, Oct. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4613936/. Weber, Michael. â€Å"Pap Smear (Pap Test): Reasons, Procedure, & Results.† Healthline, Healthline Media, 13 Mar. 2017, www.healthline.com/health/pap-smear. Should Hate Speech Be Protected as Free Speech? Should Hate Speech Be Protected as Free Speech? Question: Should hate speech be protected by the right of free speech? Introduction Hate speech is a controversial and often misinterpreted term for speech intended to degrade, intimidate, or incite violence or prejudicial action against an individual or a group of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. The term has been taken to cover written as well as oral communication. My starting position is that hate speech is not just one thing; there can be at least four categories of hate speech that we can address. By the end of this essay I hope to have shown sufficiently which, if any, types of hate speech could be protected by the right of free speech. Right to free speech and expression Perhaps in a different era, the two could be seen as distinct, not just by name, but also in context.[1] The right of free speech is a human, political or civil right recognised and appreciated by states and their citizens. It is the right to communicate ones opinions and ideas using ones body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. It was included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[2] Although freedom of expression is sometimes used within an identical context, it nevertheless includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. Perhaps the most commonly cited definition is the one given by the United Nations in Art.19 of their UDHR[3] adopted in 1948.[4] Along the same lines, Art.10 of theECHR[5]provides the right to freedom of expression, subject to certain restrictions that are in accordance with law and necessary in a democratic society. It is important to appreciate that the two are largely intertwined, and to be read separately would be of no particular value or help. For the purposes of this essay, I shall regard the two rights as two faces on the same side of a coin. Being part of a group of ideals or social goods even, the right of free speech is not specially protected from other ideals. It has to compete with such rights as right to private life, public security and democratic equality amongst others. There is no precedence that the right for free speech must always prevail. The wording of the First Amendment creates a defence for individuals and a difficulty for the state to regulate similar acts in the United States, as well as a desire to abolish the limitations already imposed by other states.[6] When may the right of free speech be limited? It can easily be imagined that the time, place and way of something being said or written or expressed in any other form is subject to scrutiny as to its appropriateness or inappropriateness respectively that is subsequently reflected in regional legislations. This is not normally objected to. There is another controversial excuse for limiting it and that has to do with its content.[7] A classic example is the prohibition of circulation of Nazi ideas in parts of Europe. This is only to be expected, considering that the UDHR was an attempt to stop the terror witnessed during that war from happening again. It is important however to understand that all is meant by limiting free speech or prohibiting hate speech is not preventing someone from exercising the right, but rather a subsequent punishment. Hate speech The prohibition of hate speech is often anathematised by the advocates for the right of free speech. Following Smolla, it can be generically defined as a speech assault based on race, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation or preference[8]. Brison attempts to colour it even more by defining it as the speech that vilifies individuals or groups on the same basis and which is face to face vilification or constitutes a group libel[9]. Waldron also believes that hate speech is a form of group defamation[10]. I would think that defamation is more suiting as we have already accepted that hate speech can be manifested both verbally and in writing. When can free speech include hate speech? There is, of course, a number of arguments articulated to justify the importance of including hate speech in the right of free speech, however, lacking space, I will address only the four that I consider of greatest importance. Discovery of truth This argument has two distinct streams of interpretation. According to the first, we come to know more truth if we allow a â€Å"free marketplace of ideas†.[11] Advocates of the second stream claim that allowing discussions promote truth and the interests of the right for free speech more than restrictions, as it allows for comparing and contrasting arguments. Scanlon divides the possible participants in a trade of speech into speaker, audience and bystanders. The value protected by both is truth itself; the speaker has an interest in communicating an opinion; the audience and the bystanders have an interest in evaluating and challenging the said opinion. Central to this argument is the importance of reliable and truthful information since it would be detrimental to knowingly spread opinions based on the unreliable and false information.[12] Note that this argument, like the rest, covers not only the promotion of views and opinions, but also of the communication of facts that do not invite evaluation, such as the names of professors in the University of Essex’s Human Rights department. However, as Schauer points out, this value does not have an a priori precedence over other values.[13] Livelier apprehension and personal development According to J. S. Mill we come to apprehend the truth in a more lively way when we confront people who dispute our beliefs or be confronted by them respectively. â€Å"So essential is this discipline to a real understanding of moral and human subjects that, if opponents to all-important truths do not exist, it is indinspensable to imagine them and supply them with the strongest arguments which the most skilful devil’s advocate can conjure up.†[14] Eric Barendt adds: â€Å"Restrictions on what a man is allowed to say and write, or to hear or read, inhibit the growth of his personality. People will not be able to develop intellectually and spiritually, unless they are free to formulate their beliefs and political attitudes through public discussion, and in response to the criticisms of others.†[15] Greenawalt provides further input: â€Å"By affording people an opportunity to hear and digest competing positions and to explore options in conversations with others, freedom of discussion is thought to promote independent judgment and considerate decision, what might be characterized as autonomy.†[16] The speaker here has an interest in influencing the thought and conduct of others through speech. Furthermore, according to Joseph Raz, the audience has an interest in hearing expressed ideas that may potentially reassure and validate their lifestyles. [17] Democratic participation This has been elaborated best by Cass Sunstein. â€Å"Free speech is to be protected because it facilitates the democratic articulation, aggregation and balancing of interests, and is necessary if the people are to be able to decide for themselves the candidates they think most suitable for public office and the policies that public officials should pursue. This argument links free expression with a ‘commitment to political equality’ and a ‘belief in democratic deliberation’.[18] The argument presupposes that the citizens of a democratic state have the right of free speech and are not negligent in exercising it fully. Democracy translates – loosely – into power of the people and by definition, for the sovereignty of the people to be effective, public opinions should be formulated free of any control or intervention by the government. As such, the speaker’s interest is in providing an opinion on matters of public-political life, while the main audience has an interest in hearing the views of others, and gaining an understanding of political views and preferences. The argument of the right of autonomy In considering a law that prohibits speech, Scanlon writes: â€Å"In order to be protected by such a law a person would†¦ have to concede to the state the right to decide that certain views were false and, once it had so decided, to prevent him from hearing them advocated even he might wish to†[19] He goes on to argue that that since an autonomous person’s reason is sovereign over her own decisions, it is incompatible with her autonomy to be shielded from certain evaluative views, or factual information, even if only to avoid the harm to her of coming to have false beliefs.[20] Greenwald describes such intervention as viewpoint discrimination[21], the very thing that the First Amendment is employed to counter. This corresponds to the right of the audience not to have restrictions on their range of options to choose from in order to formulate an autonomous decision. Let us now examine the kinds of hate speech Targeted vilification Speech directed at specific individuals or small group and with the intention to harm and insult the audience. The speaker consciously selects the wording for its potential to achieve just that.[22] Contrary to what Brison argues, I would argue that it should include non-face-to-face acts, such as cases when is not direct but sufficiently specific.[23] The content itself does not usually qualify adequately as an assertion of fact, expression of an evaluative opinion or even of a valid political preference, since it is usually based on false accusations. Also, the speaker cannot barricade behind the right of autonomy and argue that non-racists are privileged over racists, since having a right of autonomy does not imply having the right to be racist and furthermore clashes with the rights of others to be equally autonomous. It does not encompass the essence of the right, it does not promote the interests that the right seeks to, and it is not what is meant when the right for free speech is interpreted; therefore we can conclude that targeted vilification should not be protected by the right to free speech. Diffuse vilification This is speech directed at a friendly or of mixed sentiments but larger audience than targeted vilification, but nevertheless has the same intentions; to assault individuals based on the group they adhere to, or even the group itself, although they may not be the immediate audience.[24] It usually employs symbols or banners with group specific insults. An example would be the Nazi march in Skokie, a village with a notable population of holocaust survivals and younger Jews. There is an evident intention to cause emotional distress and so, any speech or acts employed and political symbols used could not be excused as such, but as insulting, harmful and intimidating.[25] A fair excuse would be that the allegedly distressed could avoid the march. To what extent this is possible depends on other factors such as prior sufficient advertising and the financial or effort overbearing on the victim’s part. This becomes more apparent when the cost to pay to avoid the distress would mean losing one’s work or avoiding communing areas or even becoming antisocial. This would clearly outweigh the interests of the speaker. Evidently, diffuse vilification promotes free speech interests at a far higher level than targeted vilification; it can take the form of honest – albeit mistaken at times – expression of political and evaluative opinions, precisely because it is not targeted but addressed to a wider audience, which could be proactively met and discussed with an opposing group. Although in its honest and fair form it should be protected by the right of free speech, in my opinion, the government has enough justification to intervene and attempt to control the manner in which it is expressed, and specifically by regulating the prohibition of speech, acts and symbols used for their potential to offend and/or to incite hatred and violence towards another social group. Advocating exclusionary policies Exclusionary policies are those that attempt to exclude certain social groups from equal participation in decision making and full enjoyment of their citizen and political rights. In its extreme form, this could include advocating genocide and ethnic cleansing.[26] The harm caused by a possible adoption and enactment of such policies is not easily outweighed, especially by the arguments for the discovery of truth and of personal development – for obvious reasons. Following the argument for democratic participation, such cases constitute political speech, or part of, which the right of free speech clearly intents to protect. However, allowing the advocating of non-democratic ideals in a democratic society brackets democracy itself. I do not accept that democracy should succumb to such hypocritical arguments. I agree with what Rosenblum terms as militant democracy who attempts to defend itself. [27] Even though state controls on political speech is restricting political equality, a democratic value, it is acceptable to do so when the speaker advocates anti-democratic values, even more so when they are advocating restriction on the political equality of others. From the perspective of the argument for autonomy, it can be argued that people should be allowed to exercise their right as rational sentient beings and consider, reflect upon, and decide for themselves which political speeches to support and which to strike down, without the need to cede their right to do so to any government.[28] However, how empirically justified is, or can, that be? What assures us that citizens will in fact make the right choices? What assures us that citizens will even bring themselves to consider such important and hard matters? Is it not the case that people who do concern themselves with such issues have a prior long time interest in them? How can we be sure that the citizens actually have the necessary mental capacities to fully comprehend the speech and its consequences? A democratic society is successful not only because of alleged equality, but also, because of alleged intellect. Following the notion of militant democracy not only there should be intervention to prohibit anti-democratic elements from exploiting democratic values, but also, there should be intervention to debunk, rebut and expose anti-democratic speeches. If the body of citizens is not able to comprehend it fully, the democratic government, assuming it is able to comprehend it, should step in. In my opinion, although this category is part of the general category of political speech, which the right of free speech intents to protect, it can take the form of anti-democratic speeches and incitement of hatred that may lead to horrid results. To this end, I conclude that this form of speech could be protected under the right of free speech, but the states should reserve their right to intervene in such circumstances that put into danger and jeopardize their very democratic nature. Harmful assertions of fact The notion that free speech should include the right to speak words that insult others, or saying what others do not like hearing, has become part of the modern society’s pop wisdom heirlooms. The combined promotion of the values of truth, democratic participations and autonomy is indispensable, even though we cannot deny that even these assertions can cause grave harm to individuals or groups. A fair objection to protecting these kinds of assertions I have found is what Margalit and Raz call the self-respect and dignity of group members, which are being threatened by such assertions.[29] This links to a reversed interest for personal development on the part of the group members, especially when it comes to social groups identified by ethnicity, where self-dignity and self-respect depends on the dignity and respect assigned to that group by others. However, can it not be said that a Kurdish minority in Turkey or the UK should be exposed for their practice of FGM[30] and to evaluative opinions and scrutiny from the rest of society about it, independently of their other dignity recognition and respect issues? In their extreme form, such factual assertions and evaluative opinions may lead to unjustified hate crimes and violence against innocent members of targeted groups. A classic example is the growing contempt that locals feel against immigrants in most countries. Even if top level surveys manage to prove that economic crisis, health system deterioration or other social harms are caused by immigrants, there is a huge leap from an empirical observation to undemocratic acts of violence. Militant democracy should step in here once again, not only to prohibit and punish such actions, but also, I would argue, to better regulate the matters revealed by such surveys.[31] Despite all these, harmful assertions of fact can be seen as promoting the interests embraced by the right of free speech. Even with harmful – but not extreme – assertions, an available remedy would be counter speech instead of restriction. This is possible because they are not mere vilification, but truthful and empirical assertions of honest intentions and therefore do not cause emotional distress.[32] In my opinion, a government should not be able to intervene by prohibiting the expression of such assertions, but they should be allowed to prohibit and punish individuals who misinterpret such assertions from resulting to hate crimes such as racial attacks. By saying this, one may think that I refuse to consider what some call group libel as hate speech worthy of being punished. This is not the case, since libel, defamation in general, is harmful yet untrue assertion. Even though some may disagree as to the context of vilification, I take it to also have an element of faulty accusations. Conclusion I do not see hate speech to have just one singular face. As I have shown, it can be manifested in many different ways, which can in turn be judged on different grounds. Therefore it is inapplicable to argue that it should be either protected under the right for free speech in its entirety, or not at all. I am of the opinion that some forms of hate speech should be protected by the right of free speech, because of the benefits bestowed to society. Some other forms should not be protected; states should take steps to better inform citizens about the different shades of hate speech and democratically establish legal frameworks to punish the ones that fall on the negative side of the spectrum. [1] Due to the frustratingly large portion of the first draft of my essay spent on citing relevant treaties and articles defining the two rights, and assuming that the reader is familiar with them already, I have decided to include the definitions in footnotes, as they do not count towards the total word count. I do realise that this is inelegant, but I am exercising my right of autonomy to promote my personal interest, namely of not being penalised. Forgive me. [2] First Amendment to the United States Constitution reads as follows â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† [3] United Declaration of Human Rights [4] Article 19 of the UDHR states that â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right Includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.† [5] European Convention on Human Rights [6] UK: Sec. 18 (1) of thePublic Order Act of 1986; France: Sec 24 of the Press Law of 1881; Denmark: Article 266 (b) of the Danish Criminal Code; The Netherlands: Articles 137 (c) and 137 (d) of the Dutch Criminal Code [7] i.e. the grounds cited in ICCPR and ECHR are content relevant. [8] Smolla, 1991, 152 [9] Brison, 1998, 313 [10] Waldron, 2009, 1600-1601 [11] Justice Holmes’ obiter dictum in Abrams v. United States, 250 U. S. 616 (1919). [12] Cohen (1993: 211, 229). [13] Schauer (1982: 23, 33). [14] Mill [15] Barendt (1985: 14). [16] Greenawalt (1989a: 143-5). [17] Raz (1991: 311). [18] Sunstein (1993: xvi-xvii). [19] Scanlon (1972: 217). [20] Ibid. [21] Greenawalt (1995: 32). [22] Greenawalt (1995: 49). [23] i.e. threatening letters, vandalism and so on and so forth. [24] But may be bystanders. [25] The fact that a march in virtually every other village or even a march in the same place but without the symbols would not constitute diffuse vilification but would rather be political speech only proves the dishonest intentions of the marchers. (Feinberg 1985: 86). [26] With notable examples the anti-Semitic speeches in Nazi Germany, anti-Greek and anti-Armenian speeches in Turkey, 1910-1922 [27] Nancy Rosenblum (2008: 412-455). [28] i.e. the ban of Nazi parties from political life in Denmark [29] Margalit and Raz (1990: 119). [30] Female Genital Mutilation [31] Although not relevant to this essay, I would argue that the right of free move and work is a lot like the right to free speech in the sense that it is important but militant democracy should intervene to prevent it from harming a democratic state. A failed example of this would be Italy’s policy which only allowed a very limited percentage of immigrants. Surely, a middle position would be more successful. [32] For example, a Kurdish should have been able to reflect upon the issue of FGM before encountering an adversary of the practice.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Ess

Teaching Philosophy Statement â€Å"A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops† (Henry B. Adams). I can’t remember when I decided that I wanted to become a teacher. I didn’t just wake up one morning and think to myself I want to be a teacher, it just seems that I always knew that I would teach. Both of my parents are teachers but they actually tried to persuade me to go into a different profession. Even though I was warned about the disadvantages of being a teacher, I knew I wanted to become a teacher. As a child one of my favorite games to play was school. I could play school for hours whether I was teaching my little sisters or a classroom of stuffed animals. I think that I loved playing school because I respected my teachers so much. I thought that my Elementary school teachers were the smartest people in the world. I loved pretending to be the teachers that I looked up to and admired. As I grew older I knew that I wanted to be an elementary school teacher because I wanted to work with children. I knew that I wanted to be a part of the enthusiasm that young children have for school and I wanted to someday be able to provide the knowledge for my students’ hunger to learn. I knew that teaching and helping children would be the most rewarding job that I could ever have. I want to be a teacher because I think that I can make a difference in a child’s life. I want to be able to make a shy child feel safe in my classroom. With patience I can help a slow child feel smart. I can help neglected or underprivileged children feel special. The satisfaction of making an unhappy or troubled child smile is one of the most important reasons that have helped me decide to become a teacher. I... ...’s degree in reading. I would also like to become nationally certified through the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. I will use my past and present experiences to be the best possible educator that I can be. Although summer vacation and holidays off are good incentives for me to want to become a teacher, being an important figure in a child’s life is all of the inspiration that I need. I know that being a teacher is not a glamorous job but to me it is the most important position a person can fill. I have the want and desire to become the best teacher that I can possibly be and I am will to work my hardest and give it my best effort. If I can have a positive affect on the life of at least one child than I will feel that I have accomplished my goal. â€Å"What sculpture does to a block of marble, education is to an human soul† (Joseph Addison). Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Ess Teaching Philosophy Statement â€Å"A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops† (Henry B. Adams). I can’t remember when I decided that I wanted to become a teacher. I didn’t just wake up one morning and think to myself I want to be a teacher, it just seems that I always knew that I would teach. Both of my parents are teachers but they actually tried to persuade me to go into a different profession. Even though I was warned about the disadvantages of being a teacher, I knew I wanted to become a teacher. As a child one of my favorite games to play was school. I could play school for hours whether I was teaching my little sisters or a classroom of stuffed animals. I think that I loved playing school because I respected my teachers so much. I thought that my Elementary school teachers were the smartest people in the world. I loved pretending to be the teachers that I looked up to and admired. As I grew older I knew that I wanted to be an elementary school teacher because I wanted to work with children. I knew that I wanted to be a part of the enthusiasm that young children have for school and I wanted to someday be able to provide the knowledge for my students’ hunger to learn. I knew that teaching and helping children would be the most rewarding job that I could ever have. I want to be a teacher because I think that I can make a difference in a child’s life. I want to be able to make a shy child feel safe in my classroom. With patience I can help a slow child feel smart. I can help neglected or underprivileged children feel special. The satisfaction of making an unhappy or troubled child smile is one of the most important reasons that have helped me decide to become a teacher. I... ...’s degree in reading. I would also like to become nationally certified through the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. I will use my past and present experiences to be the best possible educator that I can be. Although summer vacation and holidays off are good incentives for me to want to become a teacher, being an important figure in a child’s life is all of the inspiration that I need. I know that being a teacher is not a glamorous job but to me it is the most important position a person can fill. I have the want and desire to become the best teacher that I can possibly be and I am will to work my hardest and give it my best effort. If I can have a positive affect on the life of at least one child than I will feel that I have accomplished my goal. â€Å"What sculpture does to a block of marble, education is to an human soul† (Joseph Addison).